1. Theories of Growth and Development
Lesson 1b

2. General Stages of Development
Prenatal = conception to birth
Neonate = 1-28 days
Infancy = birth to 1 year
Toddler = 1-3 years
Preschool = 3-5 years
School Age = 6-12 years
Adolescence = years
Early Adulthood = years
Middle Adulthood = years
Late Adulthood = 65 years and older

3. Piaget’ Theory
Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence, first developed by Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980). It is primarily known as a developmental stage theory but, in fact, it deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire, construct, and use it.

4. Piaget focused on two processes, which he named assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation describes how humans perceive and adapt to new information. It is the process of fitting new information into pre-existing cognitive schemas. Assimilation occurs when humans are faced with new or unfamiliar information and refer to previously learned information in order to make sense of it. Unlike it, accommodation is the process of taking new information in one's environment and altering pre-existing schemas in order to fit in the new information.

6. STAGE 1: Sensorimotor Birth – 2 years old
Learns that an object still exists when it is out of sight (object permanence) and begins to imagine and remember experiences.

8. Sensorimotor
A newborns reflexes will disappear as they accrue new knowledge
Hand-eye coordination
Repeat unusual events or new events
Development proceeds from reflex activity to representation and sensorimotor solution to problems.

9. Preoperational 2-7 years old
Operations = see how things relate to one another in a logical way (I am sick because I was exposed to germs)
PRE-operational = things relate in a magical way, no logic ( I am sick because I was bad)
Development proceeds from sensorimotor representation to pre-logical thought and solutions to problems.

10. Concrete Operational 7-11 yrs
Child begins to think logically, world is viewed more realistically
Movement away from fantasy as child realizes a physical cause is behind an event (no people inside the speakers)
Development proceeds from pre-logical thought to logical solutions to concrete problems.

11. Formal / Abstract Operational
11 to adult
Where childhood thinking was related to things/events that could be directly observed, now thinking can be abstract
Can symbolically associate behaviors with abstract concepts such as attractiveness, adult status, happiness
Thoughts are/can be more future oriented
Development proceeds from logical solutions to concrete problems to logical solutions to all classes of problems.

12. Erickson’s Theory-Approach
Psychosocial Approach
Throughout lifespan
Development within social setting
Resolution of conflict

13. Erikson’s Theory
Trust –vs-Mistrust 0-1 Autonomy –vs-Shame and Doubt 1-3 Initiative –vs-Guilt 3-5 Industry –vs-Inferiority 6-12 Identity –vs-Role Confusion Intimacy –vs-Isolation Generativily –vs Self-Absorption Integrity –vs Despair 65-

14. COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
Jean Piaget
Sigmund Freud
Cognitive
development
Psychosexual
development
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg
Psychosocial
development
Moral
Development

16. Kohlberg-Moral Theory
Six stages of moral reasoning
A story was told about moral dilemmas, then based on person’s answer they were placed in one of three levels.
1. Pre conventional (stage 1 and 2)
2. Conventional (stage 3 and 4)
3. postconventional (stage 5 and 6)

17. Age 4-10
Age 10-13
Age 13
To adult

18. Freud’s Theory Psychosexual Approach

19. Freud:
Personality
development
Is made up of
3 parts.

20. Freud There are 5 stages, each relating to a different pleasure zone
The individual has to successfully master each stage or may become stuck or “fixated” in one
Fixation leads to internal conflict and anxiety

22. Trust in the environment-realization-ion that needs will be met
Stage/age
Source of satisfaction
Primary conflict
Tasks
Desired outcome
Other possible personality traits
Oral
(0-1 yr)
Mouth
Sucking, biting, chewing
Weaning
Mastery of gratification of oral needs; beginning of ego development (4-5 mo)
Trust in the environment-realization-ion that needs will be met
Fixation: passivity, gullibility and dependence, use of sarcasm, development of orally focused habits (smoking, nail biting)

23. Anal Toilet Training (1-3 yr)
Stage/age
Source of satisfaction
Primary conflict
Tasks
Desired outcome
Other possible personality traits
Anal
(1-3 yr)
Anal region (expulsion and retention of feces)
Toilet Training
Beginning to gain a sense of control over instinctual drives; learns to delay immediate gratification to gain a future goal
Control over impulses
Fixation = anal retentiveness (stingy, rigid, OCD) or anal expulsive (messy, destructive, cruel)

24. Oedipus and Electra complex
Stage/age
Source of satisfaction
Primary conflict
Tasks
Desired outcome
Other possible personality traits
Phallic (oedipal) 3-6 yrs
Genitals (masturbation)
Oedipus and Electra complex
Sexual identity with parent of same sex; beginning of superego development
Identification with parent of same sex
Fixation/ unresolved = difficulties with sexual identity and authority figures

25. Stage/age
Source of satisfaction
Primary conflict
Tasks
Desired outcome
Other possible personality traits
Latency 6-12 yrs
Growth of ego functions (social, intellectual, mechanical) and the ability to care about and relate to others outside the home (peers of the same sex)
The develop-ment of skills needed to cope with the environ-ment
Fixation = difficulty in identifying with others ad in developing social skills, resulting in a sense of inadequacy and inferiority

26. Genitals sexual intercourse
Stage/age
Source of satisfaction
Primary conflict
Tasks
Desired outcome
Other possible personality traits
Genital 12 yrs and beyond
Genitals sexual intercourse
Develop satisfying sexual and emotional relationships with members of the opposite sex; emancipation from parents—planning life goals and gaining a strong sense of personal identity
The ability to be creative and find pleasure in love and work
Inability to negotiate the stage = difficulty becoming emotionally and financially independent, lack of strong personal identity an future goals, inability to form satisfying intimate relationships

27. Maslow’s Hierarchy
Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He believed that individuals possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires.
Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfil the next one, and so on.