Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems

Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems The types of organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are mainly determined by the water’s_______________. Aquatic ecosystems _____________: Salt water _____________: No salt Freshwater ecosystems include Ponds Lakes Streams Rivers Wetlands

Freshwater Ecosystems
_____________________ are areas of land that are periodically under water or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture

Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Factors affecting organism distribution in an aquatic ecosystem: _________________ Three groups of aquatic organisms include _____________

Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems _____________ are the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the water, and can be microscopic animals called _____________ or microscopic plants called ___________________ _______________ are all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents. _________________ are bottom-dwelling organisms which are often attached to hard surfaces. ____________________ are also aquatic organisms.

Chapter 7 Lakes and Ponds
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Lakes and Ponds Lakes, ponds, and wetlands can form naturally where ___________________________________. Humans intentionally create artificial lakes by damming flowing rivers and streams to use them for power, irrigation, water storage, and recreation. Lakes and ponds can be structured into __________ and _________________ zones. The types of organisms present depend on the _______________ available.

Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7 Life in a Lake The _________________ is a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where _____________________. Abundant and diverse plant and animal life Some plants are rooted in the mud underwater with their upper leaves and stems above water. Other plants have floating leaves. In ________________________, plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar energy to make their own food during photosynthesis.

Chapter 7 Life in a Lake Some bodies of fresh water have areas so deep that there is _________________________________. _____________ live in the deep areas of freshwater. Fish adapted to cooler, darker water also live there. Eventually, dead and decaying organisms reach the _______________________. The _________________________ is the region near the bottom of a pond, lake or ocean which is inhabited by decomposers, insect larvae, and clams.

Chapter 7 Life in a Lake Animals that live in lakes and ponds have _________________ that help them obtain what they need to survive. For example, ____________________ use the hairs under their bodies to trap surface air so that they can breathe during their dives for food. And, in regions where lakes partially freeze in the winter, __________________________ into the littoral mud to avoid freezing temperatures.

Chapter 7 A Lake Ecosystem

How Nutrients Affect Lakes
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 How Nutrients Affect Lakes _______________________ is an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in an aquatic ecosystem. As the amount of plants and algae grow, the number of bacteria feeding on the decaying organisms also grows. These bacteria use the oxygen dissolved in the lake’s waters. Eventually the reduced amount of oxygen kills oxygen loving organisms.

How Nutrients Affect Lakes
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 How Nutrients Affect Lakes A lake that has large amounts of plant growth due to nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake. Lakes naturally become eutrophic over a long period of time. However, eutrophication can be accelerated by runoff, such as rain, that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes from land into bodies of water.

Objectives: Freshwater Aquatic Food Chains
Objective #1: To create 2 food chains each representing a typical freshwater aquatic lake or pond. Organisms observed in laboratory must be included in the food chain. Objective #2: To identify examples of organisms that occupy the three areas found in a freshwater lake/pond: plankton, nekton, benthos.

Requirements for food chains:
Each food chain will contain 5 trophic levels. 1st and 2nd trophic levels must be examples of plankton. 1 food chain will use the prepared slide of phytoplankton as the primary producer The other food chain will use the “living” specimen of algae as the primary producer The 2nd trophic level will be a plankton organism either observed in lab or research

Requirements for food chains:
3rd trophic level may be a nekton organism or a benthic organism. Your choice 4th trophic level must a a nekton organism 5th trophic level must be a benthic organism. Nematodes/worms observed in lab would be good examples.

Scenes from wetlands Identify 3 common features
Seen in the pictures above.

Objectives Objective #1: To define a wetland.
Objective #2: To explain six important functions of wetlands.

Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands _______________________are areas of land that: Have a unique type of soil Have plants adapted to the wet environment Contain water all year or at certain times during the year PA’s definition: “Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions”

Plants in a wetland Rushes Sedges Pitcher plants Moss Silver maple
Cattails

Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands

Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands Wetlands perform several important environmental functions including: ________________________ Remove sediment by slowing water movement Improve air quality by removing carbon dioxide _________________________ Home to 35% of threatened & endangered species _________________________, high primary productivity rate

Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands -_____________________________ Amphibian reproduction Ducks, geese, swans, herons reproduction Spawning habitat for bullheads, yellow perch, pike, bluegill, walleyes, and muskellunge Costal wetlands spawning and nursery grounds for salmon, striped bass, bluefish ___________________________ ____________________________ “Natural sponge” absorbing excess water from runoff and flooding Protect costal areas from storm surges

Environmental Functions of Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Environmental Functions of Wetlands

Types of Wetlands ______________

Chapter 7 Marshes ___________________:
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Marshes ___________________: Mouth of rivers/Near streams and creeks Low, flat lands with poor drainage ____________________: Bottom is rich in nutrients

Chapter 7 Marshes ______________________:
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Marshes ______________________: Rooted in rich nutrient bottom with leaves emerging out of the water Examples: Grasses Sedges Bulrushes Cattails

Chapter 7 Marshes ______________________: Beavers Frogs Turtles
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Marshes ______________________: Beavers Frogs Turtles Raccoons Muskrats Opossums Insects Birds (Marsh and migratory) Video Segment

Chapter 7 Marshes There are several kinds of marshes, each of which is characterized by its ________________. ____________________ have slightly salty water ____________________ contain saltier water

Chapter 7 Swamps ______________________:
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Swamps ______________________: Low lying forested wetland, often near streams _____________________: Nutrient rich if swamp drains slowly _________________: Further classify swamps ___________________ Dominated by cedars, pines, spruces, hemlock ____________________ Dominated by maples, willows, aspens, birches, elms, oaks

Chapter 7 Swamps _______________________: Beavers Frogs Turtles
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Swamps _______________________: Beavers Frogs Turtles Raccoons Muskrats Opossums Birds Insect Reptiles Video segment

Bogs _____________________: Low lying areas ________________:
Mostly ____________: Decomposed plant matter Very ________________ _______________: Mosses -Blueberries Shrubs -Cranberries Water lilies Pitcher plants

Bogs _________________: Frogs Turtles Insects Some birds
_______________________: Very little oxygen in water Little movement of water in a bog Video Segment

Discovery Video Segment

Objective To compare and contrast the 3 types of wetlands found in PA.
To describe how humans are impacting wetlands. To explain how a pond or lake becomes eutrophic.

PA’s Wetlands Forested Wetlands Scrub-shrub Wetlands Emergent Wetlands

Forested Wetlands Dominant plant: Mature woody trees Examples
Red & Silver maple River birch Green ash 36% of PA’s wetlands Standing water during part or most of year May be coniferous or hardwood wetlands

Shrub/Scrub Wetland Dominant plant species: Shrubs & trees less than 20 feet tall Examples Blueberries Winterberry Mountain holly Swamp rose 12% of PA’s wetlands

Emergent Wetlands Dominant plant species: Plants rooted in soil but emerge above water (Marshy environment) Examples Rushes Grasses Sedges

Human Impact on Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Human Impact on Wetlands Wetlands were previously considered to be wastelands that provide breeding grounds for insects. As a result, many have been drained, filled, and cleared for farms or residential and commercial development. The importance of wetlands is now recognized, as the law and the federal government protect many wetlands while most states now prohibit the destruction of certain wetlands.

Chapter 7 Rivers At its headwaters, a river is usually cold and full of oxygen and runs swiftly through a shallow riverbed. As a river flows down a mountain, it may broaden, become warmer, wider, slower, and decrease in oxygen. A river changes with the land and the climate through which it flows.

Chapter 7 Life in a River In and near the headwater, mosses anchor themselves to rocks by using rootlike structures called rhizoids. Trout and minnows are adapted to the cold, oxygen rich water. Farther downstream, plankton can float in the warmer, calmer waters. Plants here can set roots in the river’s rich sediment, and the plant’s leaves vary in shape according to the strength of the river’s current. Fish such as catfish and carp also live in these calmer waters.

Chapter 7 Rivers in Danger
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Rivers in Danger Industries use river water in manufacturing processes and as receptacles for wastes. In addition, people have used rivers to dispose of their sewage and garbage. These practices have polluted rivers with toxins, which have killed river organisms and made river fish inedible. Today, runoff from the land puts pesticides and other poisons into rivers and coats riverbeds with toxic sediments.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Objectives Explain why an estuary is a very productive ecosystem. Compare salt marshes and mangrove swamps. Describe two threats to coral reefs. Describe two threats to ocean organisms.

Chapter 7 Marine Ecosystems
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Marine ecosystems are located mainly in coastal areas and in the open ocean. Organisms that live in coastal areas adapt to changes in water level and salinity. Organisms that live in the open ocean adapt to changes in temperature and the amount of sunlight and nutrients available.

Chapter 7 Coastal Wetlands
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Coastal Wetlands Coastal land areas that are covered by salt water for all or part of the time are known as coastal wetlands. Coastal wetlands provide habitat and nesting areas for many fish and wildlife. They also absorb excess rain, which protects them from flooding, they filter out pollutants and sediments, and they proved recreational areas for boating, fishing, and hunting.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Estuaries An estuary is an area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean. As the two bodies meet, currents form and cause mineral rich mud with many nutrients to fall to the bottom making in available to producers. Estuaries are very productive because they constantly receive nutrients from the river and ocean while the surrounding land protects the estuaries from the harsh force of ocean waves.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Estuaries

Plants and Animals of Estuaries
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Estuaries Estuaries support many marine organisms because they receive plenty of light for photosynthesis and plenty of nutrients for plants and animals. The light and nutrients support large populations of rooted plants as well as plankton. Plankton in turn provide food for fish, which can then be eaten by larger animals such as dolphins. Oysters and clams live anchored to rocks and feed by filtering plankton from the water.

Plants and Animals of Estuaries
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Estuaries Organisms that live in estuaries are able to tolerate variations in salinity because the salt content of the water varies as fresh water and sat water mix when tides go in and out. Estuaries also proved protected harbors, access to the ocean, and connection to rivers. As a result, many of the largest ports have been built on estuaries. Six of the ten largest urban areas, including New York have been built on estuaries.

Chapter 7 Threats to Estuaries
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Threats to Estuaries Estuaries that exist in populated areas were often used as places to dump waste. Estuaries filled with waste could then be used as building sites. The pollutants that damage estuaries include sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic chemicals. Most of these pollutants break down over time, but estuaries cannot cope with the amounts produced by dense human populations.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Salt Marshes Salt marshes are maritime habitats characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding and are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions. The salt marsh supports a community of clams, fish, aquatic birds, crabs, and shrimp. Salt marshes, like other wetlands, also absorb pollutants to help protect inland areas.

Chapter 7 Mangrove Swamps
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Mangrove Swamps Mangrove swamps are tropical or subtropical marine swamps that are characterized by the abundance of low to tall mangrove trees. The swamps help protect the coastline from erosion and reduce the damage from storms. They also provide a home for about 2,000 animal species. Mangrove swamps have been filled with waste and destroyed in many parts of the world.

Chapter 7 Rocky and Sandy Shores
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Rocky and Sandy Shores Rocky shores have many more plants and animals than sandy shores do because the rocks provide anchorage for seaweed that animals can live on. Sandy shores dry out when the tide goes out, and many organisms that live between sand grains eat the plankton left stranded on the sand. A Barrier island is a long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore and helps protect the mainland.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Coral Reefs Coral reefs are limestone ridges found in tropical climates and composed of coral fragments that are deposited around organic remains. Thousands of species of plants and animals live in the cracks and crevices of coral reefs, which makes coral reefs among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Corals are predators that use stinging tentacles to capture small animals, such as zooplankton, that float or swim close to the reef.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Coral Reefs Corals live only in clear, warm salt water where there is enough light for photosynthesis.

Disappearing Coral Reefs
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Disappearing Coral Reefs Coral reefs are productive ecosystems, but they are also very fragile. If the water surrounding a reef is too hot or too cold, or if fresh water drains into the water surrounding the coral, the coral may die. If the water is too muddy, polluted, or too high in nutrients, the algae that live within the corals will either die or grow out control. If the algae grows out of control, it may kill the corals.

Disappearing Coral Reefs
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Disappearing Coral Reefs Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have also been linked to coral-reef destruction. Overfishing can devastate fish populations, upsetting the balance of the reef’s ecosystem. A coral reef grows very slowly, and it may not be able to repair itself after chunks of coral are destroyed by careless divers, ships dropping anchor, fisheries, shipwrecks, and people breaking off pieces for decorative items or building materials.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Oceans Because water absorbs light, sunlight that is usable by plants for photosynthesis penetrates only about 100 m into the ocean. As a result, much of the ocean’s life is concentrated in the shallow coastal waters where sunlight penetrates to the bottom and rivers wash nutrients from the land. Seaweed and algae grow anchored to rocks, and phytoplankton drift on the surface. Invertebrates and fish then feed on these plants.

Plants and Animals of Oceans
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Oceans In the open ocean, phytoplankton grow only in areas where there is enough light and nutrients, resulting in one of the least productive of all ecosystems. The sea’s smallest herbivores are zooplankton, including jellyfish and tiny shrimp,which live near the surface with the phytoplankton they eat. Fish feed on the plankton as do marine mammals such as whales.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Oceans The depths of the ocean are very dark, so most food at the ocean floor consists of dead organisms that fall from the surface. Decomposers, filter feeders, and the organisms that eat them live in the deep areas of the ocean. Overall, the types of organisms that may be found in the layers of the ocean at various depths is dependent on available sunlight.

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Plants and Animals of Oceans

Chapter 7 Threats to the Oceans
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Threats to the Oceans The oceans are steadily becoming more polluted. Runoff from fertilized fields and industrial waste and sewage being discharged into rivers are major sources of ocean pollution. Overfishing and certain fishing methods are also destroying some fish populations. Marine mammals can get caught and drown in the nets. Although it is illegal, some ships discard fishing lines into the ocean where they can strangle and kill fish and seals.

Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems The arctic ecosystems at the North and South Poles depend on marine ecosystems because nearly all the food comes from the ocean. The Arctic Ocean is rich in nutrients from the surrounding landmasses and supports large populations of plankton, which feed a diversity of fish in the open water and under the ice. These fish are food for ocean birds, whales and seals. Fish and seals then provide food for polar bears and people on land.

Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems The Antarctic is the only continent never colonized by humans. It is governed by an international commission and is used mainly for research. Even during the summer, only a few plants grow at the edges of the continent. So, as in the Arctic, plankton form the basis of the Antarctic food web, nourishing large numbers of fish, whales, and birds such as penguins.

Chapter 7 Bellringer

Chapter 7 Life Zones in a Lake

Freshwater Wetlands in the United States
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands in the United States

Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Bellringer

The Formation of Estuaries
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems The Formation of Estuaries

Chapter 7 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Organisms living in coastal areas must adapt to what changes? A. water level and degree of salinity B. water level and amount of sunlight C. temperature and availability of oxygen D. temperature and availability of nutrients

Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have been linked to the widespread destruction of what kind of marine ecosystem? F. coastal wetlands G. coral reefs H. mangrove swamps I. salt marshes

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following correctly lists types of organisms in aquatic ecosystems from shallowest to deepest? A. plankton, nekton, benthos B. plankton, benthos, nekton C. benthos, plankton, nekton D. benthos, nekton, plankton

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What is the difference between swamps and marshes? F. Marshes attract birds, swamps attract amphibians. G. Marshes are freshwater, swamps are saltwater. H. Marshes contain non-woody plants, swamps contain woody plants. I. Marshes are mostly in the southeast U.S., swamps in the northeast U.S.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which of the following would be considered among the most productive of ecosystems? A. barrier island B. estuary C. river D. salt marsh

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use this map to answer questions 6 through 8.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. If a water sample contains mayfly nymphs, what can you conclude about the water quality of the area where the sample was taken? F. The area has generally poor water quality. G. The area has generally good water quality. H. The water quality cannot be determined from such a sample. I. The water in the area has been chemically treated for pollutants.

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 7. What group of organisms could be seen only in a sample taken from unpolluted waters? A. leeches and caddisfly larvae B. leeches and dragonfly nymphs C. leeches and midge larvae D. leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae

Chapter 7 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 8. Water Sample A contains only leeches. Water Sample B contains leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae. What comparison can be made between Samples A and B? F. Both samples A and B have the same water quality. G. Both samples came from the same water source. H. Sample A has relatively poorer water quality than sample B. I. Sample B has relatively poorer water quality than sample A.

Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems Chapter 7 Image and Activity Bank

Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 7 Section 2 Marine Ecosystems Image and Activity Bank

Chapter 7 Aquatic Ecosystems

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