1. Intermolecular forces
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Questions
Why do some solids dissolve in water but others do not?
Why are some substances gases at room temperature, but others are liquid or solid?
What gives metals the ability to conduct electricity, what makes non-metals brittle?
The answers have to do with …
Intermolecular forces

2. Intermolecular forces
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Intermolecular forces
Overview
There are 2 types of attraction in molecules: intramolecular bonds & intermolecular forces
We have already looked at intramolecular bonds (ionic, polar, non-polar)
Intermolecular forces (IMF) have to do with the attraction between molecules.
Intermolecular attractions are weaker than intramolecular attractions. They consist of Van der Waals forces (dipole interactions and dispersion forces) and hydrogen bonds.

3. Ionic, Dipole - Dipole attractions
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We have seen that molecules can have a separation of charge
This happens in both ionic and polar bonds (the greater the electronegativity, the greater the dipoles). H Cl + –
Molecules are attracted to each other in a compound by these +ve and -ve forces + – + – + – + –

4. The larger the molecule the greater it’s dispersion forces are.
occur between every compound and arise from the net attractive forces among molecules which is produced from induced charge imbalances
The larger the molecule the greater it’s dispersion forces are.
Figure 10-8 Olmsted Williams
Figure 10-9 Olmsted Williams

5. How molecular shape affects the strength of the dispersion forces
The shapes of the molecules also matter. Long thin molecules can develop bigger temporary dipoles due to electron movement than short fat ones containing the same numbers of electrons.
                                                                                                                                                            
Butane has a higher boiling point because the dispersion forces are greater.

6. Hydrogen bonding
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H-bonding is a special type of dipole - dipole attraction that is very strong
It occurs when N, O, or F are bonded to H
The high difference in electronegativity of NH, OH, and HF bonds cause these to be strong forces (about 5x stronger than normal dipole-dipole forces)
They are given a special name (H-bonding) because compounds containing these bonds are important in biological systems

7. A dipole-dipole bond will be formed between the two molecules which is called a hydrogen bond.
covalent bond
covalent bond

8. Properties of hydrogen bonding
This gives compounds that from hydrogen bonds unusually high boiling points. For example water. It also gives it the properties of cohesion (sticking to themselves) and adhesion (sticking to other molecules). As a result water has high surface tension.

9. Testing concepts
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Which attractions are stronger: intermolecular or intramolecular?
How many times stronger is a covalent bond compared to a dipole-dipole attraction?
What evidence is there that nonpolar molecules attract each other?
Which chemical in table 10.1 has the weakest intermolecular forces? Which has the strongest? How can you tell?
Suggest some ways that the dipoles in London forces are different from the dipoles in dipole-dipole attractions.
A) Which would have a lower boiling point: O2 or F2? Explain. B) Which would have a lower boiling point: NO or O2? Explain.

10. a) NH3, b) SF6, c) PCl3, d) LiCl, e) HBr, f) CO2
Which would you expect to have the higher melting point (or boiling point): C8H18 or C4H10? Explain.
What two factors causes hydrogen bonds to be so much stronger than typical dipole-dipole bonds?
So far we have discussed 4 kinds of intermolecular forces: ionic, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and London forces. What kind(s) of intermolecular forces are present in the following substances:
a) NH3, b) SF6, c) PCl3, d) LiCl, e) HBr, f) CO2
(hint: consider EN and molecular shape/polarity)
Challenge: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) have the same formula (C2H6O). Ethanol boils at 78 C, whereas dimethyl ether boils at -24 C. Explain why the boiling point of the ether is so much lower than the boiling point of ethanol.
Challenge: try answering the question on the next slide.
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11. Testing concepts Intramolecular are stronger.
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Testing concepts
Intramolecular are stronger.
A covalent bond is 100x stronger.
The molecules gather together as liquids or solids at low temperatures.
Based on boiling points, F2 (-188) has the weakest forces, H2S has the strongest (-61).
London forces
Are present in all compounds
Can occur between atoms or molecules
Are due to electron movement not to EN
Are transient in nature (dipole-dipole are more permanent).
London forces are weaker

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Testing concepts
A) F2 would be lower because it is smaller. Larger atoms/molecules can have their electron clouds more easily deformed and thus have stronger London attractions and higher melting/boiling points.
B) O2 because it has only London forces. NO has a small EN, giving it small dipoles.
C8H18 would have the higher melting/boiling point. This is a result of the many more sites available for London forces to form.
1) a large EN, 2) the small sizes of atoms.

13. Testing concepts a) NH3: Hydrogen bonding (H + N), London.
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Testing concepts
a) NH3: Hydrogen bonding (H + N), London.
b) SF6: London only (it is symmetrical).
c) PCl3: EN= Dipole-dipole, London.
d) LiCl: EN= Ionic, (London).
e) HBr: EN= Dipole-dipole, London.
f) CO2: London only (it is symmetrical)
Challenge: In ethanol, H and O are bonded (the large EN results in H-bonding). In dimethyl ether the O is bonded to C (a smaller EN results in a dipole-dipole attraction rather than hydrogen bonding).

14. H – bonding and boiling point
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See pg. 369 – Q – why does BP as period , why are some BP high at period 2?

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Testing concepts
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Boiling points increase down a group (as period increases) for two reasons: 1) EN tends to increase and 2) size increases. A larger size means greater London forces.
Boiling points are very high for H2O, HF, and NH3 because these are hydrogen bonds (high EN), creating large intermolecular forces
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