1. Chapter 16: World War II Looms

2. Isolationism International conflicts in mid 1930s
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Isolationism
International conflicts in mid 1930s
Most Americans do not want to be involved
1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it
Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of other countries
Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements
Jews
Catholics
immigrants

3. Americans Upset About WWI
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Americans Upset About WWI
Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and weapons manufacturers
Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during WWI

4. Question What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?
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Question
What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?

5. CHAPTER 17
Answer
Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industry during WWI
Bitter about being in that war
Hatred of the military

6. FDR’s Foreign Policy 1933 – FDR is a friendly president
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FDR’s Foreign Policy
1933 – FDR is a friendly president
Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors
Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America
Withdrew armed forces in L. America
1934 – reduces tariffs
1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS
U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war

7. CHAPTER 17
Journal
When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why?

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15. CHAPTER 17
Journal
Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why not?

16. The United States in WWII
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Chapter 17
The United States in WWII

17. Attack on Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941
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Lend-Lease Act
Attack on Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941

18. Section 1: Mobilizing For Defense
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Section 1: Mobilizing For Defense
Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes”
5 million volunteer for military service
Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) –
Pilots, ambulance drivers, electricians

19. What about discrimination?
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What about discrimination?
“Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man”

20. Discrimination in Military
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Discrimination in Military
300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military
1 million African Americans in segregated units -> no combat until 1943
33,000 Japanese Americans
25,000 Native Americans
Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens

21. A Production Miracle Factories are converted for war production
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A Production Miracle
Factories are converted for war production
Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats
Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by 1945

22. Contribution Of The Workers
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Contribution Of The Workers
Men are fighting
6 million women enter the workforce
No problem operating welding torches
or riveting guns
Paid 60% of what men earn
Minorities are also not hired at first

23. CHAPTER 17
A. Philip Randolph
Most respected African American labor leader organizes a march on Washington, D.C. 1941
Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.”
March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making discrimination in defense industries illegal

24. How did WWII end the Great Depression?
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How did WWII end the Great Depression?

25. Mobilization of Scientists
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Mobilization of Scientists
1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar, pesticides, penicillin
Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists (Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous amounts of energy
FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 = Manhattan Project

26. The federal govt. takes control
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The federal govt. takes control
Office of Price Administration (OPA) – freezes prices so that the price of goods does not increase drastically
Higher taxes + war bonds keep inflation in check
War Production Board (WPB) – decides companies that will convert to war production
Rationing – families are only allowed to purchase small quantities of scarce goods (meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline)

27. 3. The U.S. government encouraged ______________.
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1. The Office of Price Administration _________________________________.
2. __________________________ organized a march on Washington, D.C. on July, 1, 1941 to protest against _________________________________.
3. The U.S. government encouraged ______________.
4. Women in the WAACs served as ____________________________________.

28. 2. Prepare for brief quiz tomorrow
CHAPTER 17
1. Read Ch. 17 Section 2 pp. 569 – 577
2. Questions 1,3,4
2. Prepare for brief quiz tomorrow

29. CHAPTER 17
Questions Section 1
How did each of the following contribute to the war effort?
1. Selective Service Act
2. Woman
3. Minorities
4. Manufacturers
5. A. Philip Randolph
6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
8. War Production Board (WPB)
9. Rationing

30. Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa
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Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa

31. The United States and Britain Join Forces
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The United States and Britain Join Forces
Churchill (British PM) and FDR meet at the White House Dec. 22, > America will fight Hitler first
German subs destroy American supply ships off the Atlantic coast
Convoy system led by destroyers with sonar
By 1943 Allies have the upper hand

32. The eastern front and the Mediterranean
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The eastern front and the Mediterranean
Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial center
Soviets counterattack during the winter
1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German man troops surrender

33. The North African Front
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The North African Front
Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa
Operation Torch led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower
They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in N. Africa

34. The Italian Campaign Sicily is captured in 1943
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The Italian Campaign
Sicily is captured in 1943
Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign

35. CHAPTER 17
Heroes In Combat

36. The Allies Liberate Europe
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The Allies Liberate Europe
American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied troops into Normandy, France
D-Day – June 6, 1944
General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in France
Sept – France is liberated

37. The Battle Of The Bulge Americans capture German town, Aachen
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The Battle Of The Bulge
Americans capture German town, Aachen
German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium – hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line
Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat

38. End Of War In Europe Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944
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End Of War In Europe
Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944
April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin
Hitler shoots himself in his bunker
A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich
May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day)
– D-Day

39. Section 3: The War In The Pacific
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Section 3: The War In The Pacific

40. CHAPTER 17
How different would it be to fight a war in Japan rather than in Europe?

41. The Allies Stop The Japanese Tide
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The Allies Stop The Japanese Tide
80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan, Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942)

42. The Allies Stop The Japanese Tide
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The Allies Stop The Japanese Tide
April Allies bomb Tokyo
Lifts American spirits
Battle of Coral Sea – Japanese are stopped by Allies
Admiral Chester Nimitz leads Allies in successfully defending island of Midway
Island hopping campaign begins – Allies move closer to Japan

43. The Allies Go On the Offensive
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The Allies Go On the Offensive

44. The Allies Go On the Offensive
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The Allies Go On the Offensive
Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands
Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines)
424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still lose
Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive
April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa
7,600 Americans die
110,000 Japanese
Two generals commit ritual suicide

45. Raising The Flag On Iwo Jima
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Raising The Flag On Iwo Jima
1. Why do you think this image became so important?
2. What human qualities do you think this photograph symbolizes?

46. To Invade or Not Invade Japan?
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To Invade or Not Invade Japan?
Japan still has a large army
Passionate soldiers
Manhattan Project led by American J. Robert Oppenheimer
Atomic bomb is tested in New Mexico (June, 1945)
July 1945 – Truman orders military to make plans to drop two atomic bombs
Tells Japan to surrender
They do not - so bombs are dropped

47. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August 6, B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki
200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year
Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945

48. CHAPTER 17
Video clips
- Fort Minor – volunteering for military service – racist news papers – farm land – meat and food

49. CHAPTER 17
Journal
1. Write down three new facts or ides you learned from the video clips.
2. If you were the President of the U.S. in 1942 would you have treated people of Japanese decent differently or the same? Why?

50. Section 4: The Home Front
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Section 4: The Home Front

51. Opportunity and Adjustment
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Opportunity and Adjustment
Unemployment falls to a low of 1.2 percent in 1944
Average weekly pay goes up 10 percent
Farmers could pay off mortgages
6 million women enter workforce – defense industries and journalism

52. Opportunity and Adjustment
CHAPTER 17
Opportunity and Adjustment
A million people move to California ( )
\Over a million African Americans moved to northern cities

53. Opportunity and Adjustment
CHAPTER 17
Opportunity and Adjustment
More children in day cares and juvenile detention
High school sweethearts marry before the soldiers leave
1944 – GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – free education, training, loans for veterans

54. Discrimination and Reaction
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Discrimination and Reaction
More African Americans gain skilled jobs in Midwestern cities
1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded by James Farmer and stages its first sit-in a segregated Chicago restaurant
Racial violence in Detroit

55. Tension in Los Angeles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsFN2fMLL-s
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Tension in Los Angeles

56. Think-Write-Pair-Share
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1. Describe what you see in these photos When and where do you think these photos were taken? Explain.
Think-Write-Pair-Share

57. Japanese and Japanese American Internment During WWII
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Japanese and Japanese American Internment During WWII

58. CHAPTER 17
Intern
to restrict or confine within certain limits

59. Japanese Internment Dec. 7, 1941 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
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Japanese Internment
Dec. 7, 1941 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
120,000 Japanese Americans
Mostly living on the West Coast
False rumors spread
Japanese Americans committing sabotage = poisoning vegetables

60. CHAPTER 17
Japanese Internment
Fear and uncertainty = prejudice against Japanese Americans
1942 – War Department calls for mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii
1,444 Japanese Americans are forced into internment camps
1% of pop.

61. Japanese Internment California 1% of pop. = Japanese
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Japanese Internment
California
1% of pop. = Japanese
Newspapers increased anti-Japanese sentiment

62. CHAPTER 17
Japanese Internment
Feb. 19, 1942 – Pres. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 to remove people of Japanese ancestry
Oregon, California, Washington, Arizona
110,000 go to “relocation centers”
2/3 = Nisei = Japanese born in the U.S.
1,000s had already joined the military

63. CHAPTER 17
Today’s Central Historical Question: Why were Japanese and Japanese Americans interned during World War II?

64. CHAPTER 17
Procedure
1. Watch government newsreel on internment and complete graphic organizer for that section (5 minutes).
Reasons: national security or prejudice/racism
Evidence : specific examples
2. Get into groups and discuss responses for Round 1. Record Hypothesis A (5 minutes).
3. Share as a class (2-3 minutes).
3. Read Document B independently (3-4 minutes).
4. As a group, complete the section of the graphic organizer for that document (4-5 minutes).
5. Share as a class (2-3 minutes).
6. Repeat process for documents C, D, and E.
7. Rewrite/change your hypothesis when necessary.