1. A Brief Intro to Cortical Neuroanatomy
fMRI: Theory and Practice
Spring 2010

2. 14 Major Sulci Main sulci are formed early in development
Fissures are really deep sulci
Typically continuous sulci
Interhemispheric fissure
Sylvian fissure
Parieto-occipital fissure
Collateral sulcus
Central sulcus
Calcarine Sulcus
Typically discontinuous sulci
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Postcentral sulcus
Intraparietal sulcus
Superior temporal sulcus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Precentral sulcus
Other minor sulci are much less reliable
Source: Ono, 1990

3. Interhemispheric Fissure
-hugely deep (down to corpus callosum)
-divides brain into 2 hemispheres

4. Sylvian Fissure -hugely deep -mostly horizontal
-insula (purple) is buried within it
-separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
Sylvian Fissure

5. Parieto-occipital Fissure and Calcarine Sulcus
Cuneus (pink)
-visual areas on medial side above calcarine (lower visual field)
Parieto-occipital fissure (red)
-very deep
-often Y-shaped from sagittal view, X-shaped in horizontal and coronal views
Lingual gyrus (yellow)
-visual areas on medial side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus (upper visual field)
Calcarine sulcus (blue)
-contains V1

6. Collateral Sulcus
-divides lingual (yellow) and parahippocampal (green) gyri from fusiform gyrus (pink)

7. Cingulate Sulcus
-divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold)

8. Central, Postcentral and Precentral Sulci
Central Sulcus (red)
-usually freestanding (no intersections)
-just anterior to ascending cingulate
Precentral Sulcus (red)
-often in two parts (superior and inferior)
-intersects with superior frontal sulcus (T-junction)
-marks anterior end of precentral gyrus (motor strip, yellow)
Postcentral Sulcus (red)
-often in two parts (superior and inferior)
-often intersects with intraparietal sulcus
-marks posterior end of postcentral gyrus (somatosensory strip, purple)

9. Intraparietal Sulcus
-anterior end usually intersects with inferior postcentral (some texts call inferior postcentral the ascending intraparietal sulcus)
-posterior end usually forms a T-junction with the transverse occipital sulcus (just posterior to the parieto-occipital fissure)
-IPS divides the superior parietal lobule from the inferior parietal lobule (angular gyrus, gold, and supramarginal gyrus, lime)
POF

10. Slice Views
inverted omega
= hand area of motor cortex

11. Superior and Inferior Temporal Sulci
Superior Temporal Sulcus (red)
-divides superior temporal gyrus (peach) from middle temporal gyrus (lime)
Inferior Temporal Sulcus (blue)
-not usually very continuous
-divides middle temporal gyrus from inferior temporal gyrus (lavender)

12. Superior and Inferior Frontal Sulci
Superior Frontal Sulcus (red)
-divides superior frontal gyrus (mocha) from middle frontal gyrus (pink)
Inferior Frontal Sulcus (blue)
-divides middle frontal gyrus from inferior frontal gyrus (gold)
orbital gyrus (green) and frontal pole (gray) also shown
Frontal Eye fields lie at this junction

13. Medial Frontal -superior frontal gyrus continues on medial side
-frontal pole (gray) and orbital gyrus (green) also shown

14. Learning More Anatomy
Duvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy
beautiful pictures
clear anatomy
slices of real brain
Damasio,1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images
good for showing sulci across wide range of slice planes
really crappy reconstructions
Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci
great for showing intersubject variability
gives probabilities of configurations and stats on sulci
Tamraz & Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI with Functional Correlations
good overview

15. Anatomical and Functional Neuroanatomy
Images from Brain Voyager Brain Tutor (Freeware)

16. Cortical Neuroanatomy
Carpenter, 1991, Core Text of Neuroanatomy
Why is so little attention paid to the cortex in traditional neuroanatomy?

17. Learning More Anatomy Wanna get rich? Publish a brain atlas.
In my personal order of preference…
Duvernoy, 1999, The Human Brain: Surface, Blood Supply, and Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy
beautiful pictures
good schematic diagrams
clear anatomy
slices of real brain
Springer, US$326
Ono, 1990, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci
great for showing intersubject variability
gives probabilities of configurations and stats on sulci
Theime, US$199
Damasio,1995, Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images
good for showing sulci across wide range of slice planes
really crappy reconstructions in first edition
second edition available April 2005 with new images
Oxford University Press, US$125
Tamraz & Comair, 2000, Atlas of Regional Anatomy of the Brain Using MRI with Functional Correlations
good overview
Springer, US$203
Talairach & Tournoux, Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
just because it’s the standard doesn’t mean it’s good (see also PC vs. Mac, VHS vs. betamax)
Theime, US$240
Wanna get rich? Publish a brain atlas.
Sheesh, these are expensive!

18. Brain Tutor Freeware interactive tutorial available from

19. The Brain Before fMRI (1957)
Polyak, in Savoy, 2001, Acta Psychologica

20. Sensory Areas
Van Essen

21. Early Visual Areas

22. Category-Specific Visual Areas
objects
faces
Malach, 2002, TICS
places
Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
place-selective
places > (objects and faces)
Lateral Occipital (LO)
object-selective
objects > (faces & scenes)
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
face-selective
faces > (objects & scenes)

23. Social Stimuli Extrastriate Body Area Data from Downing, 2001, Science
Data from Astafiev et al., 2005, Nature Neuroscience
Allison, Puce & McCarthy, 2000, TICS

24. Motion-Selective Areas
Watson et al., 1993, Cerebral Cortex
MT+ or V5 motion complex
Sunaert et al., 1999, Exp Brain Res

25. Parietal Cortex
Simon et al., 2002, Neuron

26. Attention Parietal Eye Fields Frontal Eye Fields
Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN
Parietal Eye Fields
Frontal Eye Fields
Corbetta et al., 1998, PNAS

27. Working Memory
Data: Duncan & Owen, 2000, TICS
Figure: Huettel, Song & McCarthy
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (near inferior frontal sulcus, IFS)
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (above Sylvian fissure, SF)
anterior cingulate cortex

28. Language
Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

29. Memory Encoding
hippocampus
Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, JOCN

30. Emotion
amygdala

31. Motor Regions Hand area of Motor Cortex Supplementary Motor Area
Yousry et al, 1997, Brain
Premotor Cortex
Picard & Strick, 2001, CONB