1. Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University
PowerPoint Presentation for Biopsychology, 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm
Western Washington University
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2. Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System
Chapter 3
The Anatomy of the
Nervous System
Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System
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3. General Layout of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain (in the skull)
Spinal Cord (in the spine)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Located outside of the skull and spine
Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS
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4. General Layout of the Nervous System (Con’t)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic nervous system
Afferent nerves (sensory)
Efferent nerves (motor)
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
Both are efferent.
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5. Autonomic Nervous System (Con’t)
Sympathetic
Thoracic and lumbar
“Fight or flight”
Second-stage neurons are far from the target organ.
Parasympathetic
Cranial and sacral
“Rest and restore”
Second stage neurons are near the target organ.
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FIGURE 3.2 The major divisions of the nervous system.
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7. Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
The CNS is encased in bone and covered by three meninges.
Dura mater: tough outer membrane
Arachnoid membrane: web-like
Pia mater: adheres to CNS surface
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Fluid serves as a cushion.
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FIGURE 3.3 The cerebral ventricles.
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FIGURE 3.4 The absorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space (blue) into a major sinus. Note the three meninges.
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Protecting the Brain
Chemical Protection
The blood–brain barrier: tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent the entry of many molecules.
Physical Protection
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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11. Cells of the Nervous System: Anatomy of Neurons
Specialized cells for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
Many sizes and shapes
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FIGURE 3.5 The major
external features of a
neuron.
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FIGURE 3.6 The major internal features of a neuron.
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FIGURE 3.8 A unipolar neuron, a bipolar neuron, a multipolar neuron, and an interneuron.
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FIGURE 3.13 A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph of a neuron cell body (grey) studded with terminal buttons (gold). Each neuron receives numerous synaptic contacts.
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FIGURE 3.15 Anatomical directions in a human. Notice that the directions in the cerebral hemispheres are rotated by 90° in comparison to those in the spinal cord and brain stem because of the unusual upright posture of humans.
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FIGURE 3.19 The divisions of the adult human brain.
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18. Major Structures of the Brain
Myelencephalon = Medulla
Composed largely of tracts
Origin of the reticular formation
Metencephalon
Many tracts
Pons: ventral surface
Cerebellum: coordination
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FIGURE 3.20 Structures of the human myelencephalon (medulla) and metencephalon.
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20. Major Structures of the Brain Continued
Mesencephalon = Midbrain
The tectum has inferior and superior colliculi.
The tegmentum has periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, and red nucleus.
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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FIGURE 3.22 The human diencephalon.
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22. Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
Convolutions serve to increase surface area.
Longitudinal fissure: a groove that separates right and left hemispheres
Corpus callosum: largest hemisphere-connecting tract
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FIGURE 3.24 The major fissures of the human cerebral cortex.
FIGURE 3.25 The lobes of the cerebral hemishphere.
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24. Telencephalon: Subcortical Structures
Limbic system: regulation of motivated behaviors
Mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, cingulate, septum
Basal Ganglia Motor System
Amygdala, striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen), globus pallidus
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FIGURE 3.27 The major structures of the limbic system: amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mammillary body.
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FIGURE 3.28 The basal ganglia: amygdala, striatum (caudate plus putamen), and globus pallidus. Notice that, in this view, the right globus pallidus is largely hidden behind the right thalamus and the left globus pallidus is totally hidden behind the left putamen. Although the globus pallidus is usually considered to be a telencephalic structure, it actually originates from diencephalic tissue that migrates into its telencephalic location during the course of prenatal development.
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FIGURE 3.29 Summary of major brain structures.
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