1. Proteins are multipurpose molecules.

2. Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin insulin
collagen, keratin
pepsin
digestive enzyme in stomach
insulin
hormone that controls blood sugar levels
pepsin
collagen (skin)

3. Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones movement
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
immune system
protect against germs
enzymes
help chemical reactions

4. Proteins —N— H | —C— C—OH || O Building block = – 20 different amino
acid –
20 different
There’s 20 of us…
like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words
—N— H |
—C—
C—OH || O
variable group

5. 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
How many words are there in the English language?
How many letters are there in the modern English alphabet?

6. APPLE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS
How many different three letter words can you make using the letters from the word above?

7. Proteins are similar. The order of letters determines the meaning of a word. (Example: pal vs. lap)
The order of amino acids determines the type of protein and its function.

8. For proteins: SHAPE matters!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes =
growth hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen

9. It’s SHAPE that matters!
Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape
Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
wrong shape = can’t do its job
unfolding proteins = “denature”
temperature
pH (acidity)
unfolded “denatured”
folded

10. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that ______________(speed up) biochemical reactions, which otherwise would not take place. These enzymes are essential for chemical processes like digestion and cellular metabolism. Without enzymes, most physiological processes would proceed so slowly (or not at all) that life could not exist.

11. What the heck does this sentence mean?
Enzymes
Because form determines function, each enzyme is specific to its substrates. The substrates are the reactants that undergo the chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. The location where substrates bind to or interact with the enzyme is known as the active site, because that is the site where the chemistry occurs. When the substrate binds to its active site at the enzyme, the enzyme may help in its breakdown, rearrangement, or synthesis . By placing the substrate into a specific shape and microenvironment in the active site, the enzyme encourages the chemical reaction to occur.
What the heck does this sentence mean?

12. Enzymes

13. Hormones
Some proteins function as chemical-signaling molecules called hormones. These proteins are secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, which include growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. For example, insulin is a protein hormone that helps to regulate blood glucose levels. Other proteins act as receptors to detect the concentrations of chemicals and send signals to respond. Other hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are lipid steroids, not proteins.

14. Other protein functions
Proteins perform essential functions throughout the systems of the human body.
In the respiratory system, hemoglobin (composed of four protein subunits) transports oxygen for use in cellular metabolism.
The proteins actin and tubulin form cellular structures , while keratin forms the structural support for the dead cells that become fingernails and hair.
Antibodies help recognize and destroy foreign pathogens in the immune system.
Actin and myosin allow muscles to contract, while albumin nourishes the early development of an embryo or a seedling.