1. 8
P A R T A
Joints 1

2. Joints (Articulations)
Articulation – site where two or more bones meet
Functions of joints:
a. Give the skeleton mobility
b. Hold the skeleton together
Weakest parts of the skeleton

3. Classification of Joints: Structural
Structural classification focuses
material binding bones together
whether or not a joint cavity is present
The three structural classifications are:
Fibrous – no joint cavity; little to no movement
Cartilaginous – no joint cavity
Synovial – fluid filled joint cavity; freely moveable

4. Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures
Figure 8.1a

5. Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses
Figure 8.1b

6. Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
Figure 8.2a, b

7. Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
Figure 8.2c

8. Synovial Joints: General Structure
Figure 8.3a, b

9. Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures
Figure 8.4

10. Synovial Joints: Movement
The two muscle attachments across a joint are:
Origin – attachment to the immovable bone
Insertion – attachment to the movable bone

11. One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Gliding Movements
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae

12. Flexion — bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
Angular Movement
Flexion — bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
Extension — reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion — up and down movement of the foot

13. Abduction — movement away from the midline
Angular Movement
Abduction — movement away from the midline
Adduction — movement toward the midline
Circumduction — movement describes a cone in space

14. Gliding Movement
Figure 8.5a

15. Angular Movement
Figure 8.5b

16. Angular Movement
Figure 8.5c, d

17. Angular Movement
Figure 8.5e, f

18. The turning of a bone around its own long axis
Rotation
The turning of a bone around its own long axis
Examples
Between first two vertebrae
Hip and shoulder joints
Figure 8.5g

19. Supination and pronation Inversion and eversion
Special Movements
Supination and pronation
Inversion and eversion
Protraction and retraction
Elevation and depression
Opposition

20. Special Movements
Figure 8.6a

21. Special Movements
Figure 8.6b

22. Special Movements
Figure 8.6c

23. Special Movements
Figure 8.6d

24. Special Movements
Figure 8.6e

25. Types of Synovial Joints
Plane - intercarpal
Hinge joints - elbow
Pivot - head
Condyloid - wrist
Saddle – thumb
Ball-and-socket- shoulder

26. Hinge Joints
Figure 8.7b

27. Pivot Joints
Figure 8.7c

28. Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints
Figure 8.7d

29. Saddle Joints
Figure 8.7e

30. Largest and most complex joint of the body
Synovial Joints: Knee
Largest and most complex joint of the body
Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation
Three joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity
Femoropatellar joint
Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints

31. Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and Tendons – Anterior View
Tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
Patellar ligament
Figure 8.8c

32. Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
Lateral meniscus

33. Synovial Joints: Knee – Other Supporting Structures
Figure 8.8b

34. Synovial Joints: Elbow
Annular ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
Radial collateral ligament
Figure 8.10a

35. Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability
Figure 8.11a

36. Temporomandibular Joint
Figure 8.13a, b

37. The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
Sprains
The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair

38. The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
Cartilage Injuries
The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
Common aerobics injury
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

39. Dislocations
Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint

40. Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions
Bursitis
Tendonitis
Arthritis

41. Arthritis
More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
Symptoms – pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis