1. American Imperialism

2. THE UNITED STATES AS A WORLD POWER: Asia

3. The United States role in Asia expanded because of the establishment of trade with China and Japan and the acquisition of Hawaii, Pacific bases, and the Philippines.

4. CHINA
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

5. American trade with China began in the 1780s through the port of Canton.
By the late 1800s, however, Americans were afraid that their economic opportunities in China might be limited.
Throughout the 19th century, China had been subjected to imperialistic demands by Japan, Germany, Russia, Britain, and France.
Each nation gained a sphere of influence-a region in which it had exclusive trade, mining, or other economic rights

7. OPEN DOOR POLICY
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

8. In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay tried to ensure economic opportunity for the United States.
He asked the European powers to keep an “open door” to China.
He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy that the United States would have fair access to the Chinese markets.

9. THE BOXER REBELLION
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

10. In 1900, a secret patriotic Chinese society called “The Yihequan” or, “The Righteous & Harmonious Fists” attacked Chinese Christians, foreign missionaries, diplomats, and other foreigners in China in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion.
The Boxers rebelled against the Qing Dynasty and against the intervention of Western powers in China.

11. The Western powers, including the United States, sent troops to restore order.
Fearing that rival nations would take even more Chinese land, Hay expanded the Open Door Policy to mean that the current boundaries of the foreign spheres of influence in China should be preserved.

12. The Spanish American War: The Philippines

13. Territories gained by US after the Spanish American War 1898
Guam
Philippines
Puerto Rico

14. The Philippine Theater of the Spanish American War
As a result of the conflict in the Philippines, a sequel to the Spanish American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

15. In February 1899, the Senate approved the Treaty of Paris by a small margin.
That January, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had been fighting the Spanish for Philippine independence, declared the Philippines a republic.
The bitter war finally ended in 1903.

16. American Atrocities
To suppress Filipino insurgency, the American military forcibly relocated or burned villages, imprisoned or killed non-combatant civilians, and used vicious torture techniques (including the water cure) on suspected insurgents.

17. More than 4,000 Americans and some 16,000 Filipinos were killed in the Philippine insurrection.
An additional 100,000 Filipinos died from disease and starvation.
In the end, the Philippines were under American control. They would not gain their independence until 1946.

19. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 led to the acquisition of many former Spanish territories that formed the basis of an American empire.
This heightened the national debate among imperialists and anti-imperialists.
It also led to increased American involvement in Latin America and Asia as the nation sought to protect its new lands.

20. IMPERIALISM: The Great Debate
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

21. Imperialist Perspectives
Source: Statement attributed to President William McKinley, describing to a church delegation the decision to acquire the Philippines, 1899.
When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know what to do with them. And one night late it came to me this way:
(1) That we could not give them back to Spain—that would be cowardly and dishonorable;
(2) That we could not turn them over to France or Germany, our commercial rivals in the Orient—that would be bad business and discreditable;
(3) That we could not leave them to themselves—they were unfit for self-government, and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s was; and
(4) That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them

22. Imperialist Proponents
Albert Beveridge William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt

23. Anti-Imperialist Perspectives
Source: William Jennings Bryan speech, campaign for the presidency, 1900.
Imperialism is the policy of an empire. And an empire is a nation composed of different races, living under varying forms of government. A republic cannot be an empire, for a republic rests upon the theory that the government derive their powers from the consent of the governed and colonialism violates this theory. Neither can we hold the Filipinos as subjects even if we could benefit them by so doing Our experiment in colonialism has been unfortunate. Instead of profit, it has brought loss. Instead of glory, it has brought humiliation.

24. Anti-Imperialists
William Jennings Bryan Grover Cleveland Andrew Carnegie Mark Twain

25. Big Stick Diplomacy
“Speak softly and carry a big stick – you will go far.”
-Teddy Roosevelt
In other words, negotiate peacefully while simultaneously threatening your opponent with military force.
Examples:
-Gunboat diplomacy in Japan
-Great White Fleet
-Philippine Annexation

26. Dollar Diplomacy

27. President Taft’s foreign policy approach was known as dollar diplomacy.
This meant that the United States could help maintain stability in other countries by increasing American investment in foreign economics.
This policy was primarily intended to protect American trade in Latin America and East Asia

28. Dollar Diplomacy
Extension of the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary
The United States would invest in countries, often buying up debts from foreign governments, or even acting as lenders for new regimes
Increased the likelihood that America would continue to interfere in these countries to protect its investments
FOR EXAMPLE: Taft aided the insurgents (who were backed by U.S. mining interests) in the Nicaraguan revolution in When the insurgents won, Taft offered substantial loans , increasing U.S. financial leverage and control over the country. In addition, a dictator named Adolfo Diaz who was cooperative with U.S. was installed. Within two years, the people once again rebelled against a corrupt government. Taft sent in a force of Marines to suppress the rebellion, and left a sizeable force of them behind to “police” the region on an ongoing basis. The U.S. did not relinquish military and political control in Nicaragua for over a decade.

29. The Panama Canal

30. The Panama Canal
Since the mid-1800s, the advantages of a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were well recognized.
With a canal, navy and merchant ships could move more quickly between the two oceans.
In 1901 the United States, through negotiations, gained sole right to build and control such a canal as long as it would be open to all nations.

31. The Panama Canal
Under Theodore Roosevelt, the United States settled on a route across Panama, which was part of Colombia.
When Colombia seemed reluctant to agree to financial terms, Roosevelt encouraged Panamanians to revolt and declare their independence.

32. The Panama Canal
The United States quickly negotiated a treaty with the new nation of Panama, which gave the United States a 99-year renewable lease on a 10-mile-wide strip of land across Panama.
Panama remained a United States protectorate from 1903 to 1939.

33. The Panama Canal Building the canal was a mammoth task, begun in 1904.
Yellow fever and malaria caused delays as did the difficulty of moving more than 250 million cubic yards of soil.

34. The Panama Canal
However, workers made the remarkable achievement of completing the canal ahead of schedule and under budget.
The canal opened to traffic in 1914.
Responding to Panamanian demonstrations, the U.S. agreed in a 1977 treaty to return the canal to Panamanian control.
Panama ultimately took over control of the canal on December 31, 1999.