1. Changes over time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8
Mrs. Herman
2015

2. What is biological evolution?
Evolution is the change over time in a population of related organisms.

3. Overview of the theory of evolution
All living things have a common ancestor.
All living things adapt to their environment
Living things go through natural selection.
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
There are variations of individuals.
Competition exists among individuals.
Artificial selection (selective breeding).

4. Animal Adaptations

5. Have you ever wondered how animals are able to survive in the wild?
Animals have certain adaptations that help them to survive.

6. An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing in its environment.

7. We can separate adaptations into 2 categories: physical adaptations
are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species

8. Types of physical adaptations
Camouflage
The use of color in the surrounding environment

9. Types of physical adaptations
Mimicry
looking or sounding like another living organism

10. Types of physical adaptations
Chemical
Defenses
Venom,
inks,
sprays

11. Types of physical adaptations
Body coverings & parts
(claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth)

12. Behavioral Adaptations…
Now let’s learn about
Behavioral Adaptations…

13. Behavioral Adaptations
are animals’ actions.
Each organism has unique methods of adapting to its environment by means of different actions.

14. We can divide Behavioral Adaptations into two groups:
Instinctive
Learned
These behaviors happen naturally & don’t have to be learned.
These behaviors must be taught.

15. = Instinctive behaviors happen naturally & don’t need to be learned
Methods of gathering & storing food
Hibernating
Defending oneself
Raising young
Migrating
Finding shelter

16. Obtained by interacting with the environment and cannot be passed on to the next generation except by teaching.
Learned behaviors =
language
cooking
Riding a bicycle

17. These changes increase a species fitness in its environment
Natural Selection
Over time, natural selection results in changes in inherited characteristics of a population.
These changes increase a species fitness in its environment

18. Concepts of Natural Selection
The organisms whose variations best fit them to the environment are the ones who are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass these desired variations on to the next generation. (survival of the fittest)

19. Competition exists among individuals for mates, territory and food.
Concepts of
Natural Selection
Competition exists among individuals for mates, territory and food.

20. Concepts of Natural Selection
Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support because only a small number will survive to adulthood.

21. Variations exists among individuals within a species.
Concepts of
Natural Selection
Variations exists among individuals within a species.

23. Artificial selection (selective breeding)
Selective breeding - process by which people choose which traits they would like to have in the next generation of offspring.
They then select the organisms, having those traits, to breed in order to produce offspring with those traits.
An example of this is breeding “teacup” dogs. Breeders cross small dogs in an attempt to produce offspring that are tiny.

24. Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record – made up of all the fossils that have ever been found
Remains of animals and plants found in sedimentary rock deposits give us an indisputable record of past changes through vast periods of time.  This evidence attests to the fact that there has been a tremendous variety of living things.  Some extinct species had traits that were transitional between major groups of organisms.  Their existence confirms that species are not fixed but can evolve into other species over time.

25. Evidence of Evolution
Homologous Body Structures (Comparative Anatomy)- structures may not necessarily perform the same function but they share a common ancestral origin.
For instance, the forelimbs of humans and bats are homologous structures. Although they are used differently, the basic skeletal structure is the same and they are derived from the same embryonic origin. Their similarity in this regard could indicate a likely evolution from a common ancestor.
If a bat, a human, an alligator, and a penguin all evolved from a common ancestor, then they should share common anatomical traits. In fact, they do. Compare the forelimbs of the human, the bat, the penguin, and the alligator. Find the humerus, radius, ulna, and carpals in each forelimb. Though the limbs look strikingly different on the outside and though they vary in function, they are very similar in skeletal structure. More significantly, they are derived from the same structures in the embryo. Structures that are embryologically similar, but have different functions, are called homologous structures. Though these animals look different, a comparison of homologous structures indicates that they are quite similar. This suggests that these animals evolved from a common ancestor.

26. in Early Development (comparative embryology)
Evidence of Evolution
Similarities
in Early Development (comparative embryology)
The image shows that embryos of certain species develop almost identically, especially in the early stages. Such physical similarities indicate that there are genetic similarities between the organisms. These similarities can be considered evidence that the organisms shown probably descended from a common ancestor.
Explores how an embryo develops, and of how all animals are related. Comparative embryology also supports evolutionary theory, in the sense that all vertebrates develop similarly. The conclusion is that all vertebrates must have a common ancestor.

27. Evidence of Evolution
Some organisms have structures or organs that seem to serve no useful function. For example, humans have a tailbone at the end of the spine that is of no apparent use. Some snakes have tiny pelvic bones and limb bones, and some cave-dwelling salamanders have eyes even though members of the species are completely blind. Such seemingly functionless parts are called vestigial organs or structures. Vestigial organs are often homologous to organs that are useful in other species. The vestigial tailbone in humans is homologous to the functional tail of other primates. Thus vestigial structures can be viewed as evidence for evolution: organisms having vestigial structures probably share a common ancestry with organisms in with organisms in which the homologous structure is functional.
Rib cage of a Python
Vestigial organs - organs that serve no useful function in an organism, i.e. appendix, tail bone.

28. Changes…..
Environments are complex. Species must adapt to an environment’s living parts as well as it’s nonliving parts. Nonliving parts include temperature, water, nutrients in soil and climate. Deciduous trees shed their leaves due to changes in climate. Camouflage, mimicry and mouth shape are adaptations mostly to an environments living parts.
Living and nonliving factors are always changing. Even slight environmental changes affect how species adapt. If a species is unable to adapt, it becomes extinct. The fossil record contains many fossils of species that were unable to adapt to change.
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29. Evolution or Extinction
Biological Evolution - the change over time in populations of related organisms.
Extinction – occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies.