1. Describing Data: Displaying and Exploring Data
Chapter 4

2. Learning Objectives
LO4-1 Construct and interpret a dot plot. LO4-2 Construct and describe a stem-and-leaf display. LO4-3 Identify and compute measures of position. LO4-4 Construct and analyze a box plot. LO4-5 Compute and interpret the coefficient of skewness. LO4-6 Create and interpret a scatter diagram. LO4-7 Develop and explain a contingency table.

3. LO4-5 Compute and understand the coefficient of skewness.
Chapter 3 introduced measures of central location (the mean, median, and mode) and measures of dispersion (the range and standard deviation) for a distribution of data.
Shape is another characteristic of a distribution.
There are four shapes commonly observed:
symmetric,
positively skewed,
negatively skewed, and
bimodal.

4. Commonly Observed Shapes
LO4-5
Commonly Observed Shapes .

5. Computing the Coefficient of Skewness
LO4-5
Computing the Coefficient of Skewness
The coefficient of skewness can range from -3 up to 3.
A value near -3, indicates considerable negative skewness.
A value near +3 indicates considerable positive skewness.
A value of 0 occurs when the mean and median are equal and indicates that the distribution is symmetrical and is not skewed.
Skewness can be calculated using Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness formula:

6. LO4-5
Skewness – An Example
Following are the earnings per share for a sample of 15 software companies for the year The earnings per share are arranged from minimum to maximum.
Compute the mean, median, and standard deviation. Find the coefficient of skewness using Pearson’s estimate.
What is your conclusion regarding the shape of the distribution? .

7. LO4-5
Skewness – An Example

8. Describing the Relationship between Two Variables
LO4-6 Create and interpret a scatter diagram.
Describing the Relationship between Two Variables
When we study the relationship between two variables we refer to the data as bivariate.
One graphical technique we use to show the relationship between two variables is called a scatter diagram.
To draw a scatter diagram, we scale one variable along the horizontal axis (X-axis) of a graph and the other variable along the vertical axis (Y-axis).

9. Scatter Diagram Examples
LO4-6
Scatter Diagram Examples

10. LO4-7 Develop and explain a contingency table.
Contingency Tables
What if we wish to study the relationship between two variables when one or both are nominal or ordinal scale? In this case we tally the results with a contingency table.

11. LO4-7
Contingency Tables
A contingency table is a cross-tabulation that simultaneously summarizes two variables of interest.
Examples:
Students at a university are classified by gender and class rank.
A product is classified as acceptable or unacceptable and by the shift (day, afternoon, or night) when it is manufactured.
A voter in a school bond referendum is classified by party affiliation (Democrat, Republican, and other) and the number of children that voter has attending school in the district (0, 1, 2, etc.).

12. Contingency Tables – An Example
LO4-7
Contingency Tables – An Example
There are four dealerships in the Applewood Auto group. Suppose we want to compare the profit earned on each vehicle sold by a particular dealership. To put it another way, is there a relationship between the amount of profit earned and the dealership? The table below is the cross-tabulation of the raw data. Note the profit is converted to an ordinal variable.

13. Contingency Tables – An Example
LO4-7
Contingency Tables – An Example
From the contingency table, we observe the following:
From the total column on the right, 90 of the 180 cars sold had a profit above the median and half below. From the definition of the median, this is expected.
For the Kane dealership 25 out of the 52, or 48 percent, of the cars sold were sold for a profit more than the median.
The percent profits above the median for the other dealerships are 50 percent for Olean, 42 percent for Sheffield, and 60 percent for Tionesta.