1. Immigration and Review

2. Essential Question:
What were the problems caused by rapid urbanization and how did the other half live?
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3. The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

4. Chart: Rise of Immigrants
OLD VS NEW IMMIGRATION
1,593,000
181,1880
2,753,00
926,000
1,110,000
1,847,000
1,069,000
5,780,000
540,000
2,928,000
Chart: Rise of Immigrants

5. Immigrants from Europe
Old New New New

7. OLD VS NEW Protestant Catholic and Jewish
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OLD VS NEW
RELIGION
BIRTHPLACE
REASONS
DESTINATION
OCCUPATION
Protestant Catholic and Jewish
North/Western Southern/Eastern Europe Europe
Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution
Moved to farms Moved to cities in the in the Midwest North esp. east coast
Became farmers Unskilled workers
Old vs New Immigrants

8. Nativism
Anti-Immigrant
Anti-Catholic & Jew

9. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1883

10. Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1st “Immigration Center”
Angel Island built 1910 in San Francisco for Asian immigration

12. POPULATION GROWTH 1870 1900 40 million population
75% lived in rural areas
1900
76 million population
60% lived in rural areas

13. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants.
CITIES
In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants.
1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark.
Cities

14. Immigrants Settle in Cities
URBAN OPPORTUNITIES
Immigrants Settle in Cities
Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities
Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs
Americanization—assimilate people into main culture
Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills
English, American history, cooking, etiquette
Ethnic communities provide social support

15. St. Patrick’s Cathedral
Irish NY:
St. Patrick’s Cathedral

16. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

17. Hester Street – Jewish Section

18. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

19. Characteristics of Urbanization During Gilded Age
Uncontrolled growth.
Magnet for economic & social opportunities.
Pronounced class distinctions by neighborhood Squalid living conditions for many.
Political machines.
Ethnic neighborhoods.
Mass Transit.
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20. Urban Growth:

21. Louis Sullivan The Chicago School of Architecture
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Louis Sullivan
The Chicago School of Architecture
Built 1st skyscrapers
1856 – 1924
Form follows function!

22. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

24. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
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25. Urban Problems: 1. Housing
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Urban Problems: 1. Housing
Housing shortages led to…
a)Row house – apartment type homes
b)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary
Sanitation was a problem
2. High Crime Rates

26. “Dumbbell Tenement “

27. Tenement Slum Living

28. Struggling Immigrant Families

29. Urban Problems: 3. Sanitation
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Unsafe drinking water> cholera.
People threw garbage out their windows.
Horse manure piled up on the streets
Sewage flowed in streets.
By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments.

30. 4. Fire Problems: limited supply of water. Buildings made of wood
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limited supply of water.
Buildings made of wood
candles and kerosene lamps used for lighting.
Volunteer fire departments.

31. Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.
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Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S.
Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities
Meatpacking
Steel mills
Cattle industry
Multi-cultural community

32. The Great Chicago Fire: 1871
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The Great Chicago Fire: 1871
Fire burned for 24hrs.
An estimated people died
100,000 were left homeless
More than 3 square miles of the city center was destroyed.
Property loss was estimated at $200 million.
17,500 buildings were destroyed.

33. URBAN LIVING CONDITIONS

34. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives

37. Review: Owners & Workers

38. Thomas Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park”
Most important inventor in history
over 1,000 patents

40. John D. Rockefeller: New Types of Business Entities
Standard Oil Co.—1st monopoly
creator of modern corporate structure
Owner of Ludlow Mine
Richest American in History million, (340 billion)

41. Andrew Carnegie Genius of technological innovation
founder of U.S. Steel
Owner of Homestead Factory
philanthropist--established over
800 public libraries in U.S.
92 music halls
funded most major museums
Carnegie foundation for educational research
2nd richest American: 310 million (243 billion)

42. J. P. Morgan Financial genius father of Wall Street
founded investment banking
saved country from depression in 1907 by raising 25 million in 15 minutes to loan government
collector of fine art

43. The Protectors of Our Industries

44. William Vanderbilt
The public be damned! What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?
Shipping & railroad magnate who made fortune with help of free land given by government to railroads
3rd richest American
105 million (239 billion)

45. Vanderbilt’s Summer Cottage at Newport

47. Entrepreneurs or Robber Barons?
innovators
growth of America
philanthropists
Robber Barons
ruthless competitors
let their workers starve

48. Working Class No protections Struggled to feed their family.
Went on strike when wages were cut.