1. Economic Geology

2. Mineral resources Renewable Non-renewable
Can be replaced in a humans life time
Non-renewable
Limited supply
Can not be replaced in a humans lifetime

4. Ores
Mineral deposit from which a metal or nonmetal can be profitably extracted
Native Elements
Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

5. Question:
Are all ores native (uncombined) elements such as Au, Ag, or Cu?
NO!
Explain:
Most are combined and have to be removed chemically
Ex. Iron from hematite

6. Mineral ores formation
Cooling of magma
When magma cools dense material sink to the bottom
Contact metamorphism
Magma comes in contact with rocks
Rock changes
Dissolve minerals forming veins

7. Mineral ores formation
Placer deposits
accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes.
Dissolving  Precipitating
Water dissolves minerals
Water evaporates and minerals precipitate out

8. Homework
Study Table 11-1 (p. 197). Name 4 metallic minerals and 4 non-metallic minerals that you have used in the last few days and describe what they were used for.

9. Steel Starts Here

10. Mining video Revised definition of a ore:
Any mineral or MATERIAL that has economic value

11. Types of ores mined from Earth
Metallic
Copper
Gold
Silver
Graphite
Non-metallic
Diamonds/ gemstones
Salt
Gypsum
Fuel
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Uranium

12. Michigan common ores Aggregate Halite / Brine
Sand, gravel (crushed stone)
Most of MI
Used for construction
Halite / Brine
Salt/ Salt water (NaCl)
Detroit area
Used for food
Deicing (lowers freezing point of water)
Iron ore (Fe2O3)-hematite
Upper Peninsula
Used for industry
Copper (Cu)
Wires
Currency
Construction (plumbing)

13. Fossil fuels Composed of:
Deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been by exposed to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.
Organic material that has stored energy
Composed of:
hydrocarbons (molecules consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon)
CnH2n
Ex. C8H18 -Gasoline

14. Fossil fuels: non-renewable Can not be replaced in our lifetime
MILLIONS OF YEARS to form
When fossil fuels are burned
Combustion reaction
CO2 and H2O vapor

15. Negative impacts (we’ll comeback to this)
Mining/ processing
Fossil fuels

16. Fuel resources Coal Origin Uses: Efficiency: Environmental effects:
Carbonization: dense forests in low-lying wetland areas, buried under mud and soil.
Uses:
Primarily burned for electricity
Efficiency:
<47%
Environmental effects:
Acid rain from high sulfur content
Greenhouse gases
Smog

17. Fuel resources Crude oil: Origin Uses: Efficiency:
formed when large quantities of dead organisms(algae/plankton), are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to intense heat and pressure.
Uses:
Transportation
Petroleum products
Efficiency:
<67%
Environmental effects:
Greenhouse gases
Oil spills (transporting)
Drilling

18. Fuel resources Natural gas: Origin: Efficiency: Environmental effects:
formed when layers of buried plants are exposed to intense heat and pressure.
Uses:
ranges and ovens, gas-heated dryers, heating
Efficiency:
<90%
Environmental effects:
Greenhouse gases

19. Negative impacts ( I told you we’d comeback to this)
Mining/ processing
Fossil fuels

20. Fuel resources Uranium: Uses: Efficiency: Environmental effects:
Radioactive element, mined as a ore.
Uses:
Nuclear fission
Splitting of a nucleus of an atom
Power
Efficiency:
<99%
Environmental effects:
Radioactive waste
Mining

21. Nuclear fission
either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts
nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come very close and then collide at a very high speed and join to form a new nucleus.

22. Nuclear energy