1. Heliophysics Pedigree
Program Start
1st International Polar Year
2nd International Polar Year
International Geophysical Year
International Quiet Sun Year
International M'spheric Study
Solar-Terr. Energy Program
International Heliospheric Year

2. IPY Justification
Polar expeditions should be driven by scientific research instead of exploration.
Establish network of circumpolar stations.
Synoptic studies of geomagnetism, auroras, atmospheric electricity, and meteorology.
Common data format for recording observations.
Karl Weyprect ( )

3. IPY Justification
Polar expeditions should be driven by scientific research instead of exploration.
Establish network of circumpolar stations.
Synoptic studies of geomagnetism, auroras, atmospheric electricity, and meteorology.
Common data format for recording observations.
Karl Weyprect ( )

4. Birkeland Connects Auroras to Space
It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. — Kristian Birkeland 1913

5. Concepts Advanced or Enabled by IPY 1
Auroral oval structure and dynamics
Currents flowing in the upper atmosphere produce magnetic perturbations on the ground
Currents flow between upper atmosphere and space
i.e. Synoptic data reveal global connectedness

6. IPY Justification
Statement of the IMO "magnetic, auroral and meteorological observations at a network of stations in the Arctic and Antarctic would materially advance present knowledge and understanding (of geomagnetic, auroral, and meteorological phenomena) not only within polar regions but in general…This increased knowledge will be of practical application to problems connected with terrestrial magnetism, marine and aerial navigation, wireless telegraphy and weather forecasting."
Themes: synoptic studies & space weather

7. IPY 2 Results
Silsbee and Vestine use IPY 2 polar magnetic data to determine average current system for magnetic bay

8. Also During IPY 2
Chapman and Ferraro introduce concept of neutral ionized corpuscular steam from the sun ( )
and an associated current system that compresses and confines the geomagnetic field (the Chapman-Ferraro current system)

9. Features and Concepts Associated with IPY 2
International polar observing network
New instrumentation (radiosondes and ionosondes)
Rapid run magnetometers
Simultaneous measurements at multiple stations
Global current pattern for specific magnetic disturbance (magnetic bays)
i.e. Expanded synoptic data
Higher spatial and temporal resolution
More evidence of global connectedness

10. Emphasis on exploration
IGY Justification
Sydney Chapman ( )
"The [IGY's] main aim is to learn more about the fluid envelope of our planet—the atmosphere and oceans—over all the earth and at all heights and depths. … These researches demand widespread simultaneous observations." S. Chapman
i.e. Further expanded
synoptic studies –
Emphasis on exploration

11. IGY Instrumentation and Innovations
Antarctic stations
All-sky cameras
Scientific satellites
Word Data Centers

12. IGY Famous Result
From all-sky camera data came the Akasofu model of the auroral substorm

13. Even More Famous Result
From Explorer 1 and its followers, came the Van Allen radiation belts

14. Innovation and Reults Associated with IGY
Interhemispheric network of polar stations
New instrumentation (all-sky cameras, satellites)
Major discovery (radiation belts)
New concepts (the magnetosphere, substorms)
Exploration of space
Global 3D synoptic data
Evidence of time-dependent global dynamics

15. IMS Justification
1977 IMS Report "Many new questions have emerged, mainly concerning the cause-and-effect relationship among the dynamical processes … and involving the magnetosphere as a single, integral, dynamical system."
1971 IMS Report: "The complexity and the large spatial scale of the phenomena under scrutiny demand … simultaneous measurements…both in space and on the ground."
Expanded synoptic data acquisition justified by "large spatial scale" (as before) and "complexity" (new).
The magnetosphere seen as an interconnected system.

16. IMS Instrumentation and Innovations
Magnetometer chains
ISEE 1 and ISEE 3
Satellite Situation Center
Coordinated Data Analysis Workshops (CDAW 1 Dec. 1978)

17. IMS Famous Discovery
Flux Transfer Events (FTEs) (Russell and Elphic, 1978)

18. Most significant IMS finding
Magnetosphere and ionosphere linked through permanent set of macroscale, field-aligned current systems
Iijima &
Potemra, 1976
Region 1
Region 2
The region 1 current system links the ionosphere, the magnetosphere, and the solar wind
Solar wind-magnetosphere- ionosphere system seen as interactive.

19. STEP 1990-1997 Justification Concept
The 1988 report "Framework for Action" states the "main scientific goal is to advance the quantitative understanding of the coupling mechanisms that are responsible for the transfer of energy and mass from one region of the solar-terrestrial system to another."
It continues: "The program will involve coordinated observations with instruments on the ground, in the air and in space; theory and simulation studies; and data and information systems."
i.e. Coordinated, integrated, comprehensive 3D synoptic and modeling projects

20. What IPY, IGY, etc. Programs Did
IPY 1 Synoptic obs network of polar stations
IPY 2 Add third dimension
IGY Add Antarctica and space
IQSY Add solar min. to IGY solar max.
IMS Add SSC and CDAWs
STEP Add numerical modeling
IHY Add comparative heliospheric studies
IPY 1 Map the phenomena
IPY 2 Explore upper atmosphere
IGY Explore space
IQSY Complement IGY
IMS Study system complexity
STEP Study integrated interactive system
IHY Universalize heliospheric structures
and processes
Organize & coordinate data gathering & analysis
Provide thematic emphases
Justify resource allocations under program themes

21. Justification for Heliophysics Objectives
“It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the development of a solid understanding of the magnetic activity, occurring in so many forms in so many circumstances in the astronomical universe, can be achieved only by coordinated study of the various forms of activity that are accessible to quantitative observation in the solar system.”
E. Parker Cosmical Magnetic Fields
“Someone should be studying the whole system, however crudely that has to be done, because no gluing together of partial studies of a complex nonlinear system can give a good idea of the behavior of the whole."
Murray Gell-Mann

22. Heliospheric Plasma Physics A Universal Science
I. Division of the Universe
Gravitationally organized matter: Gravity pulls matter - creates planets, stars, galaxies
Magnetically organized matter: Magnetic fields push matter – create sunspots and magnetospheres
Tension between them creates solar and magnetospheric storms – space weather

23. Astronomy Heliophysics
Organization of the Universe
Space Weather

24. Chapters and Headings in
Heliophysics
Heliophysics
A Universal Science

25. TRACE Image of reconnection
Reconnection Geometry
Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
TRACE Image of reconnection
in the corona
Same absolute scale in both pictures

26. What the Heliophysics Program Can Do
Organize & coordinate data gathering & analysis
Comparative heliophsical studies
Provide thematic emphases (move from mission focus to general heliophysical concepts and processes)
Universalize heliophysical structures and processes
Justify resource allocations for initiatives (e.g. space weather and comparative studies)
CDF for comparative heliophysical studies
Web accessible data and models (CCMC)
CDAWs for comparative heliophysical studies

27. What the Heliophysics Program Can Do
Organize & coordinate data gathering & analysis
Comparative heliophsical studies
Provide thematic emphases (move from mission focus to general heliophysical concepts and processes)
Universalize heliophysical structures and processes
Justify resource allocations for initiatives (e.g. space weather and comparative studies)
CDF for comparative heliophysical studies
Web accessible data and models (CCMC)
CDAWs for comparative heliophysical studies

28. Chapters and Headings in
Heliophysics
Heliophysics
A Universal Science