1. Or What You Need to Know to Survive Latin I
Grammar Basics
Or What You Need to Know to Survive Latin I

2. PART I - PARTS OF SPEECH Noun- person, place, thing
Adjective-describes a noun or pronoun
Adverb-describes a verb, adverb or adjective

3. Parts of Speech continued
Preposition- a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun, often either in space or time, to another word in the sentence.
The book is on the table.
We will be there in the morning
Conjunction-joins words or groups of words

4. Parts of Speech continued
Action Verb- indicates an action or something you can do.
The teacher prepares the lesson.
He reads lots of books.
They finished after we left.
My family sleeps late into the morning.

5. Parts of Speech continued
Linking Verb – joins nouns and pronouns to nouns, adjectives and prepositional phrases. Used to describe what something IS.
The books are interesting.
We are late.
The movie is in the first theater on the right

6. Parts of Speech continued
Helping Verb-appears in a verb phrase in front of the main verb to help express the verb.
We have finished the assignment
She is walking too fast
Latin does not use helping verbs

7. NOUNS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION
Subject
does the action of the verb
The soldiers fought bravely.
We will wait until 11:00
or is described
The soldiers are tired
We will be late

8. NOUNS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION
Possessive
shows who or what owns something.
Uses an apostrophe or the word of.
John’s sister/ the sister of John.

9. NOUNS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION
Indirect Object
shows “to” or “for” whom or what something is done.
We gave the soldier help
We gave help to the soldier.
This function can cause confusion when comparing Latin to English.

10. NOUNS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION
Direct Object
The direct object is whatever is verbed
or it receives the action of the verb.
To figure out the direct object find the verb first and then ask yourself what is being verbed
 The sailors prepared the ship for sailing.
The verb is prepared. Ask yourself “what is being prepared” the answer is the direct object

11. NOUNS AND HOW THEY FUNCTION
Object of a preposition
appears with little words like in, on, over, under to show the relationship or position of a noun or pronoun to another noun or pronoun.
The students always listened carefully in class.

12. QUESTIONS TO ASK SUBJECT
Ask who or what is doing X, or ask who or what is being described .
POSSESSIVE
Look for ‘s/s’ or the word “of”
INDIRECT OBJECT
Ask “to” or “for” whom the verb is done.

13. QUESTIONS TO ASK DIRECT OBJECT-Ask who or what is verbed
PREPOSTIONAL PHRASE-Look for prepositions or words which show positions or relationships between words especially in terms of location or time

14. Or what you can be with a cloud
over on near beside under in