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The Body in Health and Disease
Chapter 2
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Anatomical Position
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Imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two parts.
Body Planes Imaginary flat surface dividing the body into two parts. Three body planes: Coronal (or frontal) plane-divides front & back sagittal plane-divides left & right transverse plane-divides top & bottom
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Figure Coronal plane. 2-1
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Figure 2-6 Sagittal plane.
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Figure 2-9 Transverse plane.
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Body Directions Prone-lying face down Supine-lying face up
Anterior/dorsal-front Posterior/ventral-back Superior-above Inferior-below Medial-towards midline Lateral-away from midline Bilateral-both sides Unilateral-one side Distal-moving away Proximal-move closer Abduction-move away from body Adduction-move closer to body Superficial or external-outside Deep or internal-inside the body .
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Figure 2-4 Anterior and posterior directions.
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Figure 2-8 Medial and lateral directions.
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Figure 2-10 Superior and inferior sections.
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Figure 2-12 Distal and proximal directions.
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Body Cavities a hollow space that is surrounded by bones or muscles.
The cranial cavity: lies within and is protected by the cranium. The spinal cavity: lies within and is protected by the bones (vertebrae) of the spine. contains the spinal cord and spinal nerves
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Figure Body cavities.
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Figure 2-15 Quadrants of the abdominopelvic area.
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Figure 2-16 Regions of the abdominopelvic area.
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QUICK QUIZ: Inguinal Umbilical Lumbar Hypochondriac
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel. Inguinal Umbilical Lumbar Hypochondriac The correct answer is B: umbilical.
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QUICK QUIZ: Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal
What body cavity is located above the diaphragm? Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal The correct answer is B: umbilical.
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QUICK QUIZ: Sagittal Coronal Transverse Inferior
What directional plane divides the body into left and right? Sagittal Coronal Transverse Inferior The correct answer is B: umbilical.
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QUICK QUIZ: The abdomen is divided into how many abdominopelvic regions? 4 5 8 9 The correct answer is B: umbilical.
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QUICK QUIZ: Supine Prone Trendelenburg Fowler’s
You are an CNA working in a surgical center. The nurse asks you to help position a pt on their stomach. What position would you place them in? Supine Prone Trendelenburg Fowler’s The correct answer is B: umbilical.
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Cells, Tissues and Organs
Anatomy: is the study of the structures of the human body. Physiology: is the study of the function of those structures. The body is made up of small parts (cells) that combine to make tissues and organs.
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Cells, Tissues and Organs
The intracellular contents within the cell include cytoplasm, a gel-like substance organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, messenger RNA, mitochondria, the nucleus of the cell, and ribosomes) Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides.
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Cells, Tissues and Organs
Most cells and cellular structures are microscopic in size and can be seen only through a microscope. Some cells, such as a female ovum, can be seen with the naked eye. Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs.
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Cells, Tissues and Organs
Tissues and organs are macroscopic and can be seen with the naked eye. Organs combine to form a body system. The human body contains several different body systems.
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Medical Specialties The human body can be studied according to the medical specialties that make up the practice of medicine. Each medical specialty includes the anatomy, physiology, diseases, laboratory and diagnostic procedures, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs for that body system.
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Medical Specialties Gastroenterology Pulmonology Cardiology Hematology
Immunology Dermatology Orthopedics Neurology Urology Gynecology/obstetrics Endocrinology Ophthalmology Otolaryngology
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Medical Specialties Other medical specialties that are not directly related to a body system include: Medical Specialty Description Psychiatry study and treatment of the mind Oncology study and treatment of cancer Radiology and Nuclear Medicine use of x-rays, sound waves, and other forms of radiation and energy to diagnose and treat disease Dentistry study and treatment of the teeth and gums
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Other Medical Specialties
Medical Specialty Description Dietetics study and use of nutrition, nutrients, and diet Pharmacology study of drugs used as medicines Neonatology study and treatment of newborn infants Pediatrics study and treatment of children Geriatrics study and treatment of the elderly
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The Body in Disease The etiology is the cause or origin of a disease.
In most cases, the cause of a disease is known or can be discovered through medical testing. In some cases, the exact cause of a disease is never completely understood.
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History and Physical Examination
The physician takes a history and performs a physical examination: physician asks the patient in detail about the location, onset, duration, and severity of the symptoms. asks about the patient's past medical history, past surgical history, family history, social history, and history of allergies to drugs. performs a physical examination to look for signs of disease. inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion.
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Figure Inspection.
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Figure Palpation.
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Figure Auscultation.
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Figure Percussion.
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Abbreviations LPN licensed practical nurse LUQ left upper quadrant
LVN licensed vocational nurse M.D. Doctor of Medicine NP nurse practitioner OB obstetrics OB/GYN obstetrics and gynecology O.D. Doctor of Optometry PA physician’s assistant, posteroanterior PCP primary care physician PE physical examination Pharm. D. Doctor of Pharmacy PT physical therapy RLQ right lower quadrant RN registered nurse R/O rule out RUQ right upper quadrant SNF skilled nursing facility (pronounced “sniff”) Sx symptoms Tx treatment A&P anatomy and physiology AP anteroposterior ASC ambulatory surgery center CNM certified nurse midwife CRNA certified registered nurse anesthetist CV cardiovascular D.C. Doctor of Chiropracty (or Chiropractic Medicine) D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery D.O. Doctor of Osteopathy (or Osteopathic Medicine) D.P.M. Doctor of Podiatry (or Podiatric Medicine) Dr. doctor Dx diagnosis ED emergency department ENT ears, nose, and throat ER emergency room GI gastrointestinal GYN gynecology H&P history and physical (examination) Hx history ICU intensive care unit LLQ left lower quadrant
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Pronunciation Examples: adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōs caudal KĂW- dăl
distal DĬS-tăl trachea TRĀ-kē-ă Write additional terms on the board and have students pronounce them.
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