1. Communism & Totalitarianism
By 1946, Europe was divided by an “iron curtain” that separated democratic/capitalist Western Europe from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe
Communism & Totalitarianism
Capitalism & Democracy

2. United States aids Europe…
SECTION 2
Origins of the Cold War
United States aids Europe…
Civil war broke out in Greece in 1944 between communists and conservatives.
GB had intervened and declared a truce.
In 1946 the communists renewed the war.
In February 1947, the British told Truman they could no longer afford to keep their soldiers in Greece.

3. A. In early 1947 President Harry S Truman
A. In early 1947 President Harry S Truman issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United States would give money to countries threatened by Communist expansion.
This would not end
communism, but
help to stop the
spread of
communism.

4. The U.S. created a foreign policy called containment to stop Soviet influence & the spread of communism
When the USSR began to pressure Greece & Turkey to turn communist, the U.S. created the Truman Doctrine, promising economic & military help to any nation threatened by communism
T =
The Truman Doctrine worked & neither Greece nor Turkey fell to communism

5. B. The United States was concerned that
B. The United States was concerned that communism would spread throughout the free world if left unchecked.
In June 1947, the European Recovery Program, known as the Marshall Plan, began.
This program
was set up to
rebuild war-torn
Europe.

6. By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root
European nations had difficulty recovering after WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe
The U.S. created the Marshall Plan which offered $13 billion to help rebuild post-war Europe
M =
By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root

7. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe 1948-1952

8. C. The Soviet Union and its. economically and politically
C. The Soviet Union and its economically and politically dependent Eastern European satellite states refused to participate in the Marshall Plan.

9. D. In 1947, the United States adopted
D. In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of containment to keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves.

10. E. By 1948, Great Britain, United. States, and
E. By 1948, Great Britain, United States, and France worked to unify the
three western section of Germany and Berlin.
The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany,
was formally
created in
September of
1949.

11. F. The Soviets opposed the creation of. West Germany and formed their
F. The Soviets opposed the creation of West Germany and formed their own communist country with their portion of Germany.
In October 1949, the German Democratic Republic, or
East Germany was set up
by the Soviets.

12. Berlin, the German capital, was also divided but was located in the Soviet zone
In 1948, Stalin tried to turn all of Berlin communist & ordered the Berlin Blockade which shut down all ground transportation to West Berlin

13. Berlin was divided into two parts.

14. In response, the U.S. began the Berlin Airlift
For 11 months, U.S. & British planes supplies landed in Berlin to bring food, fuel, & supplies
Stalin admitted defeat & lifted the blockade in 1949
The United States successfully kept West Berlin from turning communist

15. Play Candy Bomber video

16. G. In April 1949, the North Atlantic. Treaty Organization (NATO) was
G. In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed.
This military alliance, included Great Britain, France,
United States, Canada,
and other Western
European nations,
agreed to help if any
one of them were attacked.

17. H. In the 1950’s – the USSR tested a nuclear bomb
H. In the 1950’s – the USSR tested a nuclear bomb. This made them the only country besides the U.S. to possess a nuclear weapon.
This set the stage for the Arms Race:
the desire to possess more powerful weapons.

18. I. In 1955, the Soviet Union, Albania,
I. In 1955, the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed the military alliance called the Warsaw Pact.

19. Joseph Stalin’s death in 1953 changed the Soviet Union & how it approached the Cold War against the United States

20. New USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev began a series of reforms known as de-Stalinization, which included releasing political prisoners & relaxing censorship
Khrushchev seemed willing to work with the USA to ease Cold War tensions…

21. President Kennedy promised to protect West Berlin
The Berlin Crisis, 1961
Khrushchev was upset with the increasing number of communist East Germans who moved to democratic West Berlin
In 1961, Khrushchev threatened to cut off access to West Berlin like Stalin’s blockade in 1948
to never give up access to West Berlin
President Kennedy promised to protect West Berlin

22. Crisis in Berlin
In August 1961, on the orders of the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, the East German government began to build a wall between West Berlin and East Berlin in order to stop the flow of East Germans escaping into West Berlin.

26. The Berlin Wall became the iconic image of the Cold War
Walls and other barriers 10–15 feet high surrounded West Berlin. The length of the barriers around the city totaled about 110 miles
The “death strip” stretched like a barren moat around West Berlin, with patrols, floodlights, electric fences, and vehicle traps between the inner and outer walls