1. Seven Years’ War or French & Indian War 1754-1763
Crash Course #5 The Seven Years War & Great Awakening

2. Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.

3. Key Concept 3.1.I: The competition among the British, French and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War, in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians.

4. Key Concept 3.1.I.A: Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and French in the mide-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.

5. French-Huron Alliance
Est. 1608
Samuel de Champlain
Lasting trade partnership
Helped strengthen both groups against the Iroquois.

6. British-Iroquois Confederacy Alliance
Offered political and strategic advantages to the colonies
Iroquois preserved considerable independence

7. King Philip’s War
Last large-scale Native American (Wampanoag) resistance
Indians’ resentment of the English building since the 1660s
increasingly dependent on English goods, food, and weapons
tribal lands were sold
Metacom (King Philip) and other leaders were forced by the colonists to recognize English sovereignty
Ended 1676 after Metacom was captured and beheaded.
Some of his supporters escaped to Canada; those who surrendered were shipped off as slaves to the West Indies. The Puritans interpreted their victory as a sign of God’s favor, as well as a symbolic purge of their spiritual community. The Indians who remained faced servitude, disease, cultural disruption, and the expropriation of their lands.

8. Early Wars for Empire
Sparked by competition for trade & territory in America between Britain, France, & Spain
King William’s War ( )
Queen Anne’s War (“War of Spanish Succession” )
failed attempts to take Quebec
Indians side w/ French, British gain Nova Scotia & trade in Spanish America
King George’s War ( ) British vs. France & Spain – limited territorial changes in Americas
New Englanders upset about return of territory to French
Queen Anne
King George II

9. North America in 1750

10. Seven Years’ War Causes: - Britain & France compete for empires
- French & English fur traders & English land speculators compete for Ohio Valley
- French fortify central frontier
- French and British sought alliances w/
Indians (French more successful)
Early Defeats ( ):
British failed attempt to capture Ft. Duquesne George Washington militia surrender 1754
1755 General Braddock killed & British & colonial militia routed by French & Algonquin allies
1756 failed attack on Quebec
Albany Plan of Union (1754) Ben Franklin attempted to create limited inter-colonial government to recruit troops & collect taxes for common defense – rejected
Why significant?

11. British Victory & Effects
Prime Minister William Pitt focus on conquering Canada – Quebec 1759 & Montreal 1760
Treaty of Paris 1763: Britain gains French Canada & Spanish Florida. France gives land west of Mississippi to Spain.
Immediate Effects:
British gained supremacy over North America & dominate naval power
France, Spain & American Indian allies no longer a threat to North American empire
Transform relationship between Britain & its colonies
British War Debt – reorganization of empire needed
British View: Colonists weak, poorly trained, undisciplined, some refused to contribute troops or money to war & unwilling & unable to defend frontier
Colonial View: proud of their military, not impressed by British troops & leadership & snobbishness. Gained valuable experience & connection.

12. Key Concept 3.1.I.B: Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, settting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.

13. Reorganization of Empire
End of “salutary neglect” Britain take more direct & forceful control over colonies
Increased War Debt: British maintain a large force on frontier
King George III & Whigs in Parliament increased taxes on colonies
King George III –

14. In 1760, governor Bernard of Massachusetts authorized the use by revenue officers of writs of assistance. Writs of assistancewere documents which served as a general search warrant, allowing customs officials to enter any ship or building that they suspected for any reason might hold smuggled goods.
In the late colonial period, the Stamp Act (1765) mandated the use of vice-admiralty courts to try violators of the law. Angry Americans were outraged because matters before those courts were heard by royally appointed judges, not by local juries.

15. Key Concepts 3.1.I.C: After the British victory, imperial officials’ attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial oppression, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.

16. Pontiac’s Rebellion & Proclamation of 1763
Pontiac’s Rebellion: 1763 Chief Pontiac forms alliance of Western tribes to resist western expansion – attack settlements in Ohio Valley & Great Lakes. British use regular troops to crush rebellion.
Proclamation of 1763: to stabilize western frontier banned colonial settlement west of Appalachians
Colonists respond with anger & defiance – thousands migrated west anyway
Paxton Boys Scots-Irish vigilantes in W. PA attacked Indians – “Conestoga Massacre” slaughtered 20 Susquehannock peaceful tribe for “revenge” & marched on Philadelphia
Pontiac
Fort Detroit – Gifts from the British?

17. North America in 1763