1. Carmine Casciato MUMT 611 Thursday, March 13, 2005
Rhythmic Similarity
Carmine Casciato
MUMT 611
Thursday, March 13, 2005

2. Overview Music Tech research into rhythmic similarity Representations
Problem of segmentation

3. Usage

4. Usage Computer accompaniment systems Ethno-musicological research
Database management
Queries by humming
Genre classification
Speech processing

5. Paulus and Klapuri (2002)
Detects rhythmic similarity between musical samples containing arbitrary drum/percussive sounds
Removes sinusoidal components from sound to detect noisy percussive sounds, from this produces beat and measure estimations
Extracts loudness and brightness (mean square energy and spectral centroid, respectively) per measure
Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) finds optimal path between feature vectors
No training of system required

6. Foote, Cooper, and Nam (2002) Derivation of ‘beat spectrum’
Feature used is power of FFT bins embedded into similarity matrix
Euclidean distance is used as similarity metric, tested against cosine angles between feature vectors, and FFT co-efficients

7. Ellis and Arroyo (2004)
Principal Component Analysis, a dimension reduction tool
Requires robust segmentation
Poor classification results

8. EigenRhythms (Ellis and Arroyo 2004)
Useful for generating variations?

9. Toussaint (2002) Geometric representations of rhythms
Require extensive segmentation
Tests various distance metrics
Minimum Spanning Trees offer a framework for rhythmic development analysis

10. Toussaint Representations (2002)

11. Music Technology References
Ellis, D., and J. Arroyo Eigenrhythms: Drum pattern basis sets for classification and generation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval.
Foote, J., M. Cooper, and U. Nam Audio retrieval by rhythmic similarity. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval.
Paulus, J., and A. Klapuri Measuring the similarity of rhythmic patterns. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval.
Toussaint, G A mathematical analysis of African, Brazilian, and Cuban clave rhythms. In Proceedings of BRIDGES: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music, and Science.

12. Other Disciplines
Gabrielsson, A Similarity ratings and dimension analyses of auditory rhythm patterns. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 14: 13860.
Lerdahl F., and R. Jackendoff A generative theory of tonal music. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Powel, D., and P. Essens Perception of temporal patterns. Music Perception 2(4): 41140.