1. 2b. Managing Complexity using IT

2. IT in Productivity: Complementary organisational changes (1)
The OLD factory
The NEW factory
Designated equipment
Flexible CB equipment
Large inventories
Low inventories
Pay tied to amt produced per individual
Flat pay rate for all operators
Keep line running continuously
Stop line if not running at speed
Thorough final quality inspection
Operators responsible for quality
Raw materials made in-house
All materials outsourced
Narrow job functions
Flexible job responsibilities

3. IT in Productivity: Complementary organisational changes (2)
The OLD factory
The NEW factory
Areas separated by machine type
Areas organised in work cells
Salaried employees make decisions
All employees contribute ideas
Hourly workers carry them out
Supervisors can fill in on line
Functional groups work independently
Concurrent engineering
Vertical communication flow
Line rationalization
Several management layers (approx. 6)
Few management layers (approx. 3 – 4)
IT is associated with substantial increases in output and productivity in the long term

4. IT in Tourism IT as strategic and operational resource
Enhance interactivity with marketplace
Improve service quality
Increase customer satisfaction
More information and greater choice
Reduction in bureaucracy ad paper-work frees time for customer service
Customising product
Establishing one-to-one marketing using data mining results
Enhanced services (in-flight entertainment)
Enhancing operational tasks
Personalised services (telephone operator acknowledges guest by name)
better integration of departments and functions of organisations towards better service
Narrows gap between consumer’s expectations and perceived experiences
Computer Reservation and Booking Systems  Global Distribution Systems
Travel + accommodation + car rentals + train/ferry ticketing + entertainment + connection to each airline systems &/tourism/travel agents &/service providers.

5. IT in Transportation GPS navigation systems
Digital interfaces in personal vehicles
Integrated with electronic sensors
Impact/barrier/reversing notification systems
In-car mobile and satellite communication systems
Satellite/mobile tracking systems
Logistics management systems
Lowering total logistics costs
Increased mutual trust between shipper and carrier.
Increased interdependence between carriers

6. IT in Science & Engineering
Bioinformatics
Imaging
Security
CAD/CAM
Simulation and Modelling
Artificial Intelligence

7. Conclusion NOT overnight changes Influenced by
Still moving FORWARD?? BACKWARD?? Depends on which side you are on.
User
Implementer/Technologist
Funder/Investor
Receiving (donated to) society
Donor society
Influenced by
Changes and growth of IT
Changes of user perceptions, demands and needs
Changes in business models
Visions of technologists

8. References
Brynjolsson E. And Hitt L.M. (2000) Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizatinal Transformation and Business Performance, Journal of Economic Perspectives 14:4, pp23-48.
Bharadwaj A.S. (2000) A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance: an Empirical Investigation, MIS Quarterly 24:1, pp
Buhalis D. (circa 2008) Strategic Use of Information Technologies in the Tourism Industry, University of Westminster, 22 pages.
Buhalis D. and Law R. (2008) Twenty Years on and 10 Years After the Internet: The State of eTourism Research, Tourism Management 2008.
Golob T.F. and Regan A.C. (2001) Impacts of Information Technology on Personal Travel and Commercial Vehicle Operations: Research Challenges and Opportunities, Transportation Research, Part C – Emerging Technologies 9(April 2001), pp