1. Circulatory System

2. Blood Flow Through The Heart
Veins/Venules
SVC/IVC
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonic Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
CO2 and O2 Exchange
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta
Arteries/Arterioles
Capillaries to Body
Blue
Red RA LA RV LV F R O M L U N G S F R O M BO D Y TO
LUNGS TO
BODY

3. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
The adult heart weighs about 280 grams (10 oz.)
At rest, the heart pumps out about 80 millimeters (2.6 oz) of blood with each beat.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

4. The heart beats, on average, 70 times each minute at rest.
This means all the blood is circulated (goes round the body once) in about one minute.

5. During strenuous exercise the heart can pump six to eight times the amount of blood that it pumps at rest.

6. Functions Pump Blood transport system around body
Carries O2 and nutrients to cells, carries away waste products
Lymph system – returns excess tissue fluid to general circulation

7. Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP
What do pumps do?
How does this relate to heart function?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

8. Hear the beat! What makes the lubb dupp sound?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

9. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
LUBB SOUND – heard first and made when the tricuspid & bicuspid valves close
This is the S1 sound – heard loudest at apex of heart
DUPP SOUND- heard 2nd – shorter & high pitched – caused by the semi lunar valves in aorta and pulmonary artery closing
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

10. Structure – Circulatory system involves:
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Blood and lymph are part of circulatory system

11. Major Blood Circuits General (Systemic) circulation
Cardiopulmonary circulation - to the lungs & back to the heart
-to all the body (organs & systems)

13. The Heart Muscular organ Size of a closed fist Weighs 12-13 oz
Location –thoracic cavity
APEX – conical tip, lies on diaphragm, points left
Stethoscope – instrument used to hear the heartbeat

14. Structure Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates blood
At rest = 2 oz blood with each beat, 5 qts./min., 75 gallons per hour
Ave = 72 beats per minute
100,000 beats per day

15. Layers of the heart
PERICARDIUM – double layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart

16. MYOCARDIUM – cardiac muscle tissue

17. ENDOCARDIUM – smooth inner lining of heart

18. SEPTUM – partition (wall) that separates right half from left half

19. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs for O2
Pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body

20. Chambers and Valves SEPTUM divides into R and L halves
Upper chambers – RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT ATRIUM
Lower chambers – RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE

21. Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction:
TRICUSPID VALVE – between right atrium and right ventricle
BICUSPID (MITRAL) VALVE – between left atrium and left ventricle
3. & 4. Semilunar valves are located where blood leaves the heart - PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE and AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE

23. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
The heart is a double pump. When the heart beats…
Right Heart
Deoxygenated blood flows into heart from vena cava  right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary artery  lungs (for oxygen)

24. Left Heart
Oxygenated blood flows from lungs via pulmonary veins  left atrium  mitral valve  left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta  general circulation (to deliver oxygen)

26. Blood Supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES
Heart Sounds = lubb dupp

27. Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system.
It’s electric!
Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

28. Control of Heart Contractions
SA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER
Located in right atrium
SA node sends out electrical impulse
Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract

30. Travels to AV Node
AV (atrioventricular) NODE
Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle
Carries impulse to bundle of His

31. BUNDLE OF HIS
Conducting fibers in septum
Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles (Purkinje fibers)
PURKINJE FIBERS
Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract

32. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG or ECG)
Device used to record the electrical activity of the heart.
SYSTOLE = contraction phase
DIASTOLE = relaxation phase
Baseline of EKG is flat line

34. P = atrial contraction
QRS = ventricular contract
T = ventricular relaxation

35. HOLTER MONITOR – 24 hour EKG

36. CARDIOPULMONARY CIRCULATION – heart and lungs
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION –
from the heart to the
tissues and cells, then
back to the heart

37. As the Blood Flows Deoxygenated Blood from Body Tissue 
Superior/inferior vena cava 
Right Atrium 
Tricuspid Valve opens 
Right Ventricle 
Pulmonic Valve 
Pulmonary Artery 
Both Lungs 

38. CO2 - O2 exchange Alveolar via Pulmonary Veins 
Left Atrium 
Mitral Valve Opens 
Left Ventricle 
Aortic Valve Opens 
Aorta - Transporting Oxygenated Blood to Body Cells

39. ARTERIOLES – small arteries
VENULES – small veins

41. Systemic Circulation AORTA – largest artery in the body
First branch is coronary
artery
Aortic arch
Many arteries branch
off the descending aorta

42. Blood Vessels ARTERIES
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Elastic, muscular and thick-walled
Transport blood under
very high pressure

43. CAPILLARIES Smallest blood vessels, can only be seen with a microscope
Connect arterioles with venules
Walls are one-cell thick and extremely thin – allow for selective permeability of nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and metabolic wastes

44. VEINS Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart
Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries
Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood
VALVES – permit flow
of blood only in direction
of the heart
JUGULAR vein – located
in the neck

45. Blood Pressure
Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE – measured during the contraction phase
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE – measured when the ventricles are relaxed
Average systolic = 120
Average diastolic = 80

46. PULSE
– alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it.
Pulse sites:
BRACHIAL
CAROTID
RADIAL
POPLITEAL
PEDAL
FEMORAL
TEMPORAL

47. Diseases of the Heart
ARRHYTHMIA (or dysrrhythmia) – any change from normal heart rate or rhythm

48. BRADYCARDIA – slow heart rate (<60 bpm)

49. TACHYCARDIA – rapid heart rate (>100 bpm)

50. Circulatory disorders
Murmurs
What is the most
common instrument
used to detect murmurs?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

51. MURMURS – indicates defect in heart valve – valves fail to close properly, causing gurgling or hissing sound.

52. Circulatory disorders
Coronary artery disease
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

53. MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
– mitral valve closes imperfectly – symptoms occur in response to stress, including fatigue, PALPITATIONS (heart feels like it is racing) headache, chest pain, and anxiety.

54. Infectious Diseases of the Heart
Cause = virus or bacteria
Treatment = antibiotics

55. PERICARDITIS – inflammation of outer membrane covering the heart – symptoms are chest pain, cough, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), tachycardia, and fever.

56. MYOCARDITIS – inflammation of heart muscle – symptoms the same as pericarditis

57. ENDOCARDITIS – inflammation of the membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves, causes rough spots in the endocardium which may lead to the development of a thrombus

58. Coronary Artery Disease
ANGINA PECTORIS – chest pain, caused by lack of oxygen to heart muscle, treat with nitroglycerin to dilate coronary arteries

59. Circulatory disorders
Myocardial infarction
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

60. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
MI or heart attack
Lack of blood supply to myocardium causes damage
Due to blockage of coronary artery or blood clot atherosclerosis – plaque build-up on arterial walls, or arteriosclerosis – loss of elasticity and thickening of wall.

61. Amount of damage depends on size of area deprived of oxygen
Symptoms – severe chest pain radiating to left shoulder, arm, neck and jaw. Also nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea.
Immediate medical care is critical
Rx – bedrest, oxygen, medication
Morphine for pain, tPA to dissolve clot
Anticoagulant therapy to prevent further clots from forming
Angioplasty and by-pass surgery may be necessary

63. Circulatory disorders
Heart failure
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

64. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Ventricles unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart
Edema in lower extremities
Blood backs up into lungs
Rx – drugs to strengthen
heart beat (digoxin) and
Diuretics to reduce fluid

65. Circulatory disorders
Pulmonary edema
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

66. Heart failure – left side of heart does not pump effectively
Rt. Side pumps effectively, but left cannot keep up with blood being delivered.
Blood backs up into lungs, increasing pressure in those vessels
Blood can back up into heart
Once pressure reaches certain point, fluid leaks out of vessels into lung tissue and even air spaces

67. Heart Surgery
ANGIOPLASTY – procedure to help open clogged vessels – may also be called “balloon surgery.”

68. CORONARY BY-PASS
usually, a healthy vein from the leg removed and attached before and after the coronary obstruction, creating an alternate route for blood supply to the myocardium.

73. HEART TRANSPLANT
Why? Irreparably damaged myocardium, valves or blood vessels, or baby/child with congenital heart defect
Problem? Histocompatibility
Rx? Immunosuppressants
Artificial hearts? First used in What is the current status?
(watch surgery)

75. PACEMAKERS
Demand pacemaker – fires only when heart rate drops below programmed minimum

76. http://www.smm.org/studio3d/julie/hearthome.htm watch Heart Mate

77. STENT
Tiny, expandable stainless steel tube that holds coronary artery open following angioplasty

78. CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation, used in the presence of cardiac arrest

79. DEFIBRILLATION – electrical shock to bring the heart back to a normal rhythm.

80. AED – automated external defibrillator

81. HEART BLOCK – disturbance in electrical conductivity of the heart beat

82. Circulatory disorders
Aneurysm
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

83. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
ANEURYSM – ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening

84. Circulatory disorders
Peripheral vascular disease
How can PVD
be prevented?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

85. ATHEROSCLEROSIS – fatty deposits form on walls of arteries

86. Carotid endarterectomy

90. Circulatory disorders
Arteriosclerosis
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

91. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – arterial walls thicken, lose elasticity.
Causes narrowing of blood vessel opening

92. PHLEBITIS – inflammation of lining of vein, accompanied by clotting of blood – symptoms are edema, pain and redness

93. EMBOLISM – traveling blood clot

94. VARICOSE VEINS – swollen, distended veins – heredity or due to posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancy

95. Circulatory disorders
Varicose veins
Prevention
Wear sunscreen
Elevate legs when resting
Wear elastic support stockings
Eating fiber diets
Exercise
Weight control
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

96. HEMORRHOIDS - varicose rectal veins

97. HYPOTENSION – low blood pressure, systolic <100

98. HYPERTENSION High blood pressure “silent killer” – usually no symptoms
Condition leads to strokes, heart attacks, and kidney failure
140/90 or higher
Higher in African-Americans and post-menopausal women
Risk factors = smoking, overweight, stress, high fat diets, family history
Treatment = relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight loss, medication

100. Circulatory disorders
Transient ischemic attack
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

101. Temporary loss of blood supply to brain…can cause dizziness and fainting

102. Diagnostic Tests
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION – catheter fed into heart, dye injected, x-rays taken as dye moves through coronary arteries
Click watch animation – cardiac catheterization

103. ANGIOGRAM – x-ray of a blood vessel using dye
(CLICK TO VIEW ANIMATION – ANGIOPLASTY)
ANGIOGRAM – x-ray of a blood vessel using dye

104. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM – electrical tracing of the heart