1. Cardiovascular System

2. Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Transport nutrients and O2 to body
Transport waste
Distribute hormones & antibodies
Help maintain homeostasis
Help control body temp
Constriction of blood vessels retains heat
Expansion of blood vessels releases heat

3. Heart Structures Heart: 4 chambered, hollow structure In mediastinum
Tilted slightly to left
Contains own blood supply

4. Heart Structures Atria Two upper chambers of the heart
R atrium receives unoxygenated blood from body
L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs

5. Heart Structures Ventricles Lower chambers of heart Pumping chambers
Pump under high pressure

6. Heart Structures Myocardial Septum
Separating wall dividing chambers into right and left halves

7. Heart Valves Tricuspid valve Mitral or bicuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral or bicuspid valve
between left atrium and left ventricle

8. Heart Valves Pulmonary valve Aortic valve
Between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic valve
Between left ventricle and aorta

9. Layers of Cardiac Tissue
Pericardium
Double membrane covering heart
Outer fibrous layer
Inner watery layer-epicardium
Provides protection

10. Layers of Cardiac Tissue
Myocardium
Muscular
Pumps blood
Endocardium
Smooth inner layer
Prevents damage to blood cells

12. Types of Circulation
Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2 poor blood to lungs where CO2 exchanged for O2
Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2 rich blood to body

13. Path of Blood through the Heart http://www. youtube. com/watch
Oxygen Content
Structure
Body
Superior/Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lung
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Exchange of CO2 and O2
Deoxygenated
Exchange of Co2 and O2
Oxygenated

14. How the Heart Contracts
Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)-Natural pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Bundle of His
Perkinje fibers
Surround ventricles
Causes contractions
Normal heart rate: beats per minute (bpm)

15. Main Blood Vessels Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Largest artery: Aorta
Carry O2 blood except pulmonary arteries
Divide into smaller branches called arterioles which connect to capillaries

16. Main Blood Vessels Capillaries Connect arterioles and venules
Smallest vessels-one cell thick
Allows exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

17. Main Blood Vessels Veins Carry blood to heart
Largest: superior & inferior vena cava
Carry low oxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins
Branch into smaller venules
Have one way valves to prevent back flow of blood

18. Blood and
Blood cells

19. Blood and Blood cells
Average adult has 4-5 L of blood which circulates every 20 seconds
25 trillion RBCs
Divides into solid & liquid portions

20. Blood and Blood cells Plasma Fluid portion of blood
Contains special proteins that help blood to clot
Contains nutrients, gases, waste products

21. Blood and Blood cells Formed elements: Leukocytes Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes

22. Erythrocytes Largest part of blood solids Produced in bone marrow
Main function
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

23. Hemoglobin
Complex protein within each cell to which oxygen attaches

24. Leukocytes Produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes Main functions
Fight disease and infection
Removes foreign particles

25. Thrombocytes
Cell fragments
Release chemicals to start blood clotting

26. Disorders of CV System

27. Atherosclerosis Accumulation of fat in coronary arteries
Leads to hypertension

28. Hypertension AKA: high blood pressure; the silent killer Risk factors:
Heredity
Smoking
Sedentary
Race
Hi-fat diet
Untreated, will lead to permanent damage to heart, blood vessels and kidneys

29. Myocardial Infarction
AKA: heart attack
Causes:
Obstruction of coronary arteries results in tissue death
Symptoms:
Persistent chest pain
Nausea
Dizziness
Profuse sweating
Untreated, will lead to cardiac arrest

30. Congestive Heart Failure
Inability of heart to pump blood adequately to meet body’s needs
May strike suddenly or may be chronic
Symptoms:
Swelling
Shortness of breath
Hypotension
Rapid pulse

31. Anemia Most common blood disorder Causes:
Inadequate HGB, RBC’s or both
Inadequate Iron
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Pallor
Rapid heart rate

32. Leukemia Aka: blood cancer Abnormal increase in number of WBCs
Immature WBCs replace RBCs which reduces amount of O2
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Anemia
Bleeding gums
Excessive bleeding
May be life threatening

33. Sickle Cell Anemia Genetic condition Malformed red cells “sickle”
Cause pain as vessels are blocked

34. Blood Typing
The population is divided into four blood groups: A, B, AB or O
The types are distinguished by the presence or absence of specific proteins (antigens) on the surface of the red blood cells or specific proteins (antibodies) in the blood serum
Each antibody has a unique binding site that can combine with the complementary site of a foreign antigen, which disables the antigen

35. Blood Typing Blood Type Antigens on RBC Antibodies in Plasma A Anti-B
Anti-A AB
A and B
None O
Anti-A & Anti-B

36. Blood Typing Rh factor:
The Rh factor is another protein factor on red blood cells, separate from A, B, O proteins.
Rh positive blood means the Rh factor (protein) is present on the red blood cells. (85% of the U.S. population is Rh positive).
Rh negative blood means no Rh antigen is present in red blood cells.
The Rh factor is important in transfusion and pregnancy.

37. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh- mother has Rh+ baby, some blood is mixed during delivery
Mother’s blood forms antibodies to Rh+ red blood cells
With another Rh+ pregnancy, antibodies will attack baby’s blood and causes agglutination of baby’s red blood cells

38. The End

39. Anti-A Serum
Anti-B Serum
Anti-Rh Serum
Blood Type
Slide #1
Mr. Smith
Slide #2
Mr. Jones
Slide #3
Mr. Green
Slide #4
Mrs. Brown