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Nuggets from the Long Island gold rush

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Presentation on theme: "Nuggets from the Long Island gold rush"— Presentation transcript:

1 Nuggets from the Long Island gold rush
Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU Seminar June 4, 2003 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

2 Places to learn more: Particle and nuclear physics links
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

3 Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together? REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

4 Stuff Lump A little bit A molecule An atom
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

5 REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

6 Before REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

7 How do they interact? After REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

8 What forces exist in nature?
What is a force? How do they interact? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved? REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

9 The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles
Et  h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein e- REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

10 REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

11 leptons quarks Gauge bosons u c t d s b e e   e   W, Z, , g, G
Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq qq mesons p = uud n = udd K = us or us  = ud or ud nuclei atoms Electromagnetic interaction REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

12 Similar to QED … But ... Gauge field carries the charge
Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD q q qq Similar to QED … But ... Gauge field carries the charge distance energy density, temperature relative strength asymptotic freedom q q qq qq confinement REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

13 From D.H. Perkins, Intro. to High Energy Physics
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? Deep inelastic scattering: There are quarks. From D.H. Perkins, Intro. to High Energy Physics REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

14 Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
No direct observation of quarks: confinement REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

15 Need the “color” degree of freedom
Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? Need the “color” degree of freedom P. Burrows, SLAC-PUB7434, 1997 R. Marshall, Z. Phys. C43 (1989) 595 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

16 Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
e+e-  Zo  qq e+e-  Zo  qqg Event shapes REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

17 Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction?
Measure the coupling P. Burrows, SLAC-PUB7434, 1997 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

18 Strong interaction is part of our heritage
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

19 Chiral symmetry breaking: the “other” source of mass
A naïve view … Quark condensate qq qq qq qq qq qq QCD vacuum Strongly interacting particles interact with the vacuum condensate … which makes them much heavier than the constituent quark masses. q REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

20 REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

21 Relativistic heavy ions
AGS: fixed target, 4.8 GeV/nucleon pair SPS: fixed target, 17 GeV/nucleon pair RHIC: collider, 200 GeV/nucleon pair LHC: collider, 5.4 TeV/nucleon pair Two concentric superconducting magnet rings, 3.8 km circum. A-A (up to Au), p-A, p-p collisions, eventual polarized protons Funded by U.S. Dept. of Energy $616 million Construction began Jan. 1991, first collisions June 2000 Annual operating cost $100 million Reached 10% of design luminosity in 2000 (1st physics run)!! REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

22 The view from above REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

23 STAR REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

24 Au-Au collision in the STAR detector
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

25 Isometric of PHENIX Detector
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

26 Brahms experiment From F.Videbœk REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

27 The PHOBOS Detector (2001) z y x q f ZDC Paddle Trigger Counter
Ring Counters Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex Octagon 1m Cerenkov 4p Multiplicity Array - Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters Mid-rapidity Spectrometer TOF wall for high-momentum PID Triggering Scintillator Paddles Counters Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) z y x q f silicon pad readout channels REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

28 Central Part of the Detector
(not to scale) 0.5m REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

29 Au-Au event in the PHOBOS detector
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

30 The goals Establish/characterize the expected QCD deconfinement phase transition quarks+gluons hadrons Establish/characterize changes in the QCD vacuum at high energies: chiral symmetry restoration and/or disoriented chiral condensates Understand the nuclear eqn. of state at high energy density Polarized proton physics REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

31 Terminology: angles Beamline REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

32 Terminology: angles Pseudorapidity =  = Lorentz invariant angle with repect to the beampipe -3 +3 -2 +2 Beamline +1 -1 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

33  = azimuthal angle about the beampipe
Terminology: angles  = azimuthal angle about the beampipe Beamline REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

34 Zero-degree Calorimeter
Terminology: centrality peripheral collisions central collisions Nch “Spectators” Zero-degree Calorimeter “Participants” 6% Paddle Counter “Spectators” Npart Thanks to P. Steinberg for constructing much of this slide REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

35 Signatures/observables
Strange particle enhancement and particle yields Temperature J/ and ’ production/suppression Vector meson masses and widths identical particle quantum correlations DCC - isospin fluctuations Flow of particles/energy (azimuthal asymmetries) jet quenching Measured value Energy density or number of participants Each variable has different experimental systematics and model dependences on extraction and interpretation MUST CORRELATE VARIABLES REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

36 RHIC operation Run 1 12 June, 2000: 1st Collisions @ s = 56 AGeV
July 2001: 1st s = 200 AGeV Dec. 23, 2002: 1st d-Au s = 200 AGeV Run 2 Run 3 Peak Au-Au luminosity = 5x1026 cm-2s-1 Design Au-Au luminosity = 2x1026 cm-2s-1 Ave luminosity for last week of ‘02 run = 0.4x1026 cm-2s-1 Run 2: REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

37 From Thomas Roser REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

38 From Thomas Roser REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

39 Energy density of proton and lattice QCD calculations
Expect deconfinement phase transition to occur at an energy density of 1-2 GeV/fm3 Experimental results at RHIC imply 5 GeV/fm3 PHENIX Collaboration, PRL 87 (2001) 4.6 GeV/fm3 Assumes R=size of Au nucleus and To=1fm/c REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

40 Basic systematics of particle production
PHOBOS Data on dN/dh in Au+Au vs Centrality and s dN/dh h 19.6 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeV Preliminary PHOBOS Typical systematic band (90%C.L.) REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

41 Elliptic flow Collision region is an extruded football/rugby ball shape Central Peripheral REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

42 Elliptic flow b (reaction plane)
Determine to what extent is the initial state spatial/momentum anisotropy is mapped into the final state. dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (f-YR) + 2V2cos (2(f-YR) ) Sensitive to the initial equation of state and the degree of equilibration. Affects other variables, such as HBT and spectra. REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

43 b (reaction plane) REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

44 Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)
(PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal) Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Thanks to M. Kaneta Phys. Rev. Lett (2002) REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

45 (consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry)
Flow vs Pt and  Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high- (consider velocity and early, self-quenching asymmetry) T. Hirano REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

46 Spectra The fun starts when one compares this to pp spectra
0.2<yp <1.4 STAR results, shown at QM02 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

47 Comparing Au+Au and pp Spectra
_ Comparing Au+Au and pp Spectra Production of high pT particles dominated by hard scattering High pT yield prop. to Ncoll (binary collision scaling) Compare to pp spectra scaled up by Ncoll Violation of Ncoll scaling Jet quenching? Au+Au _ REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

48 Suppression in Hadron Spectra
Show 130 GeV suppression in RAA plot. Shown by T. Peltzmann at QM02 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

49 Jet-quenching: hard parton interacts with medium, which softens the momentum spectrum in A-A relative to pp REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

50 Peripheral Au+Au data vs. pp+flow
Count tracks around very high pT particle STAR, David Hartke - shown at QM02 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

51 Central Au+Au data vs. pp+flow
Away side jet disappears!! STAR, David Hartke - shown at QM02 REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

52 Jet-quenching also gives break in flow vs. pT
REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

53 RHIC/experiments running very well
Showed you too much - I apologize Showed you too little - I apologize What are the lessons? RHIC/experiments running very well Up till now … characterization and refinement of models REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

54 Hot, dense, opaque medium is formed
Energy density above lattice predictions for deconfined state Local thermal equilibrium achieved Full 3-d structure away from mid-rapidity not yet understood Interesting signals being pursued … jet-quenching? Is it a duck? Perhaps standing on the precipice of a claim/discovery Remains to be seen if systematic study and pursuit of the surprises leads to anything beyond the duck! Future = statistics (J/+ more), vary species/energies, LHC REU Seminar, University of Rochester June 4, 2003

55 REU Seminar, University of Rochester
June 4, 2003

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