1. Imperialism in Africa

2. Bellringer: 1/20 and 1/23 1. Pick up the papers by the door.
2. Update your ToC:
97: Notes – Imperialism in Africa
98: Project: Imperialism in Africa – Then and Now
3. Write down your HW:
Work on your project research (if your group deems it necessary)

3. Agenda: 1/20 and 1/23 1. Bellringer 2. Notes: Imperialism in Africa
3. Begin Project: Imperialism in Africa – Then and Now

4. Introduction: Imperialism in Africa
W_HIWmA

5. Africa to Europeans: THE “DARK” CONTINENT
“Europe called Africa the “Dark Continent” – racist terminology referred to 2 things regarding Africa:
1. The people of Africa – literal reason for term
2. Their alleged inferiority/ignorance in comparison to Europeans (“White Man’s Burden”) – metaphorical reason for term
In reality, Africa = always had diverse groups of people w/ their own unique cultures
Civilizations (Mansa Musa, Great Zimbabwe, Nile River Valley
Languages (Swahili, Bantu, Zulu, Berber, etc.)
Africa = actually home to the most diverse group of languages in the world
Religions (animism, ancestor worship, eventually Christianity and Islam)
Possible anecdote: Review of African cultures and civilizations, such as Mansa Musa and Great Zimbabwe.

6. HISTORY of Foreign involvement IN AFRICA
Long history of outside groups involving themselves in Africa:
Greeks: Controlled Egypt after conquest by Alexander the Great
Romans: Ruled all areas along the Mediterranean coastline, including northern Africa
Mediterranean – sometimes called a “Roman lake”
Arab traders: Converted many Africans to Islam starting in 7th century CE
Europeans in general: Africa = source of slaves for the Americas from the 17th century
BUT: little foreign interest in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa (until the Age of Imperialism, that is!)

7. Age of imperialism in Africa begins
When does it start? Mid-1800s
Why: Nationalism, Religion, Social Darwinism, Nationalism, Industrialization

8. 1. DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873) Scottish missionary
Lived in central Africa for 30 years in mid-1800s
Explored Africa
Converted many Africans to Christianity
Became a source of information for Europeans on
Africa
Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest
1871: Livingstone reported “lost”
“Found” by Henry Stanley
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

9. 2. HENRY STANLEY (1841-1904) Worked as a Welsh-American reporter
Why does he matter?
“Found” Dr. Livingstone in Africa (“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”)
Explored Africa (Congo River, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria)
Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company

10. Who kick-starts African imperialism?
3. King Leopold of Belgium
Took over land in central Africa
Leading role at Berlin Conference (1885)
Leopold’s control over Congo Free State recognized by major powers
Eventually forced to give CFS to the Belgian gov’t
Why? Because of claims of his cruelty, mistreatment of people in the Congo Free State
Created European race for African colonies – “Scramble for Africa”
Diamonds, foodstuffs, gold, ivory, rubber
Leopold II claimed that his reason for control was to abolish the slave trade.
He licensed companies to harvest sap from rubber trees.
Leopold’s private army mutilated people who would not harvest rubber.
Millions of people from the Congo died doing this.
The Belgian government took control of the colony from Leopold II as a result. The French were alarmed by Belgium taking control of this country and began claiming parts of Africa. Soon other countries followed.

11. The conference of Berlin
When:
Why: European leaders met here to determine how to divide up Africa amongst different European countries
Result: Sets off a massive “scramble” for Africa
European countries want to take as much land as possible to strengthen their own power and to weaken other European nations
In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.
Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent.
In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited.
The European powers agreed that before they could claim territory they would have to set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to build the outpost gained that area of land.

12. Motives of the “Scramble for Africa”
1. Economic
2. Political
3. Ideological
Europeans need markets outside of Europe to sell their goods to
Need for (cheap) raw materials to supply industrialization
Use of slave labor (at least initially)
European countries want to gain more territory for several reasons
- Grow their own power
- Weaken other nations
Motivated by nationalism
“White Man’s Burden” – it’s the job of the “superior” European/white man to bring the “uncivilized” natives to civilization
More converts to Christianity
In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.
Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent.
In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited.
The European powers agreed that before they could claim territory they would have to set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to build the outpost gained that area of land.

13. 3 phases of the Berlin conference
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Signing of ambiguous treaties between Europeans and Africans (almost always organized to benefit the European countries, but this fact is often disguised/hidden from the Africans actually signing them)
European and African countries sign agreements essentially giving Europeans some degree of power/influence over African nations
European powers go against the treaties and/or agreements signed during Stages 1 & 2
Start to take over and colonize the people and lands of Africa
In the 1870s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.
Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent.
In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited.
The European powers agreed that before they could claim territory they would have to set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to build the outpost gained that area of land.

14. Imperialism in South Africa

15. The British in South Africa
Cape Colony had been under the control of the Boers
Who are the Boers? Farmers of Dutch origin living in Africa (speak Afrikaans)
1815: British took Cape Colony from the Dutch
Boers moved north to Transvaal and the Orange Free State (called the “Great Trek”)
Problem with this?
1886: Dutch find Gold/diamonds in Transvaal and OFS  British moved in to try and take control of these resources
: British attempted to take Transvaal from the Boers

16. The Boer war(s) Boer War 1: 1880-81
Fought over diamonds/gold in Transvaal/OFS
Initially successful for Boers = they (temporarily) keep the British out of the Transvaal and OFS
Boer War 2:
“Total” warfare used by British against Dutch Boers
Result? British win the Boer War, Part 2
Take control of most of South Africa after this (including Transvaal and OFS)
1) After the discovery of diamonds and gold in South Africa, the Boers tried to keep outsiders coming into South Africa from gaining political rights.
The First Boer War was briefly fought in and successfully kept the British from annexing Boer territory called Transvaal (in orange).
2) The Second Boer War was In 1899, the Boers end up taking up arms against the British.
This is “total war”. The Boers use commando raids and guerilla tactics against the British. The British burn Boer farms and imprison women and children in concentration camps.
The British finally won this war. In 1910 the Boer Republic joins the Union of South Africa.

17. BRITISH COLONIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Rhodesia
Bechuanaland
Kenya
Became British protectorate in 1898
Now Zimbabwe
Named for Cecil Rhodes (one of the leading supporters of imperialism)
Becomes British protectorate in 1885 after Berlin Conference
Becomes British protectorate in 1888

19. Imperialism in North Africa

20. BRITISH IN NORTH AFRICA
EGYPT
Technically part of the Ottoman Empire
BUT: Europe has a real interest in Egypt because of the Suez Canal
- Originally controlled by the French and British, who both helped finance the canal construction
- Eventually Britain bought out all the shares in the canal and comes to control the canal

21. The French IN NORTH AFRICA
Algeria
French colony in 1830
Tunis
Controlled by France in 1881
Morocco
Under French control in 1881
France’s control of Morocco causes problems between France and Germany before WWI
West Africa
Largely under French control by 1880s
By World War I – 1914
France controlled 3,250,000 square miles in Africa
14 times the area of France
France ruled 30,000,000 Africans
75% of the population of France

22. Isn’t there any country still free in Africa?

23. Independent states in Africa:
1.Liberia
2. Ethiopia
Slave trade = outlawed in U.S.  Monroe decides to send slaves back to Africa to settle a free country there
This country  Liberia
- The capital = Monrovia (after Monroe)
Ruled by a dynasty since 13th century
Majority practiced Coptic Christianity
Fought back successfully against Italian forces to maintain its independence during the “Scramble for Africa”
By the time of the First World War (1914)
Only 2 independent African countries
Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
Ruled by dynasty stretching back to at least the 13th century
Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974
Home to Ethiopian Orthodox Christian Church (strongly tied to Egyptian Coptic Church)
Liberia
Formed by freed slaves under auspices of the United States government

25. Impacts of imperialism:
Borders and boundaries are disrupted
New borders drawn by Europeans = cut through families, clans, and ethnic groups
This = weakens and divides preexisting societies in Africa
Africans and military technology
Africans are denied access to new military advancements
European favoritism of certain groups/tribes within Africa
Causes disagreements between Africans that did not exist before the arrival of Europeans
Who has control of the natural resources?
Not the Africans
Europeans control access to raw/natural materials
Creation of unfair social, political, economic systems throughout Africa
Example: Apartheid system in South Africa
Boundaries drawn by European countries often cut across preexisting family lines, clan territories, and ethnic divides = weakens and divides preexisting societies
Plays a part in establishing the basis for today’s border disputes in Africa
Africans were generally denied access to new military advancements
Favoritism of certain groups within Africa = caused disagreements between Africans that did not exist before Europeans’ arrival
Local leaders were removed from power
Natural resources were not necessarily accessible to Africans
Leads to unfair social and political systems (i.e. Apartheid in South Africa)

26. Country assignments: South Africa Kenya Algeria Congo Sudan Egypt Erin
Rita
Elizabeth
Nathan L.
Nathan M.
Jacob
Kelly
Zeenath
Matthew
Olivia
Sebastian
Sumeya
Jordan
Conner
Kelton
Lauren
Devin
Eswar
Cory
Conrad
Sade
Danielle
Nathan W.
Chey
Jagman
Dehlila
Jessica