1. DO NOW:
Update T.O.C.
Take out Analyze Graph Packet – Climate Data
Respond:
Imagine that you have entered a contest for a free trip to a place that has the perfect CLIMATE (not weather). But in order to receive your prize you must be able to describe your idea of the perfect climate in 25 words or less.

2. Question
If weather is the day to day conditions of the atmosphere, then climate is the long term weather pattern for a region.
Predict what factors will influence climate?
Ex: Desert, Forest, Tundra…

3. Factors that Influence Climate
The long term weather for a particular region is called climate. (30+ years)
Six factors that influence climate:
Latitude
Distance to large bodies of water (located near coast or center of land mass)
Elevation
Mountains (Rain Shadow Effect)
Global winds (Prevailing Winds)
Ocean currents (Temp of Water)

4. Factor:
Latitude

5. As latitude ________, the average annual temperature _________.
Less direct sunlight is absorbed, the
farther a location is from the equator.
increases
decreases
Relationship between average temperature and latitude
Latitude is on the X and Temperature is on the Y
The trend is that the temperature decreases as latitude increases. (As you travel from the equator toward the poles.)
Units are degrees
Temperature is higher at the equator and lower at the poles due to unequal heating of the earth caused by it’s spherical shape, tilt, and the angle of sunlight hitting the surface where measured.
You can predict that the average temperature of cities located on land around the 45 degree latitude line will receive approximately half the direct sunlight as compared to cities located on land around the equator.
Temperature
0° Latitude °

6. Distance to Large Bodies of Water
Factor:
Distance to Large Bodies of Water
The slide shows that coastal cities are cooler than inland cities and that their temps are in a shorter range.
The air is cooler (and wetter) on the windward side of the mountains close to the shore and warmer (drier) down the leeward side in the valley.
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Relationship between proximity to water and average temperature
There are no X & Y axes.
The trend shown in the graphic is that coastal cities have a lower average temperature compared to inland cities.
Units for temperature are given in degrees F.
This is California in the USA which is located between N latitude in the Prevailing Westerlies. The coastal cities will receive more precipitation than the inland cities.
Based on the prevailing winds and latitude, Santa Barbara should experience more precipitation in the form of rain than Bakersfield and neither will receive much annual snowfall. Crescent City should experience more precipitation compared to Redding and will receive more annual snowfall than any other city shown on the map.

7. Distance to Large Bodies of Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
Distance to Large Bodies of Water
The figure shows temperature (red line) and precipitation (blue bars) information over a 1-year period for 2 different locations.
Double Y Axes!
The location on the left is much closer to a body of water, so its temperature is more regulated and it experiences greater annual precipitation compared to its inland counterpart.
A contributing factor to this data might also be altitude. The location on the left was measured at 6m elevation and the location on the right at 103m.
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Annual Average Precipitation & Temperature in Reykjavik, Iceland and Yakutsk, Russia
Time in months is on the X and there is a double Y axis. Temperature in degrees C is indicated on the left and tracks the red line. Precipitation is indicated on the right measured in cm and tracks the blue bars.
Both locations are in the Polar Easterlies located above 60N latitude. Both locations have very cold annual temperatures. Reykjavik is a coastal city and Yakutsk is an inland city.
With higher annual snowfall coming mainly from the East, a safer spot to build a marina would be on the West coast of Reykjavik.

8. Water __________ the temperature.
Distance to a Large body of Water
Water __________ the temperature.
Closer to large bodies of water means
_______ summers. _______ winters.
regulates
Cooler
Warmer
Cities A & B are located
at the same latitude.
City B is closer to a large body of water.
The temperature does not change as extreme when close to a large body of water.
Annual Average Monthly Temperature of City A & City B
Time in months is on the X and Average Monthly Temp is on the Y
There are 2 different trends on the graph. City A has a more wildly fluctuating annual temperature profile while City B has a more regulated annual temperature profile.
The unit of time is months and the unit for temperature is degrees C.
City A has an annual temperature range of between -3 and 25 degrees C while City B has an annual temperature range between 9 and 13 degrees C.
With a much more regulated annual temperature profile, City B is probably a coastal city and City A is most likely an inland city.

9. We live in the troposphere.
Elevation

10. Factor:
Elevation
This is a close-up of the elevation changes in the troposphere.

11. As elevation _________, the average annual temperature __________.
In the troposphere, temperatures
decrease by 3oF every 1000 feet.
increases
decreases
Relationship between elevation and temperature
Elevation is on the X and Temperature is on the Y
The trend is that as elevation increases temperature decreases.
Units are not given. Only a general trend is identified.
High elevation areas have fewer air molecules that are being heated by the reradiated heat from the earth. The chances that those molecules contact each other to exchange heat diminish with altitude.
There will be less air turbulence but be cooler and require more thrust and lift as elevation increases.
Temperature
Elevation

12. This figure shows temperature differences in high elevation located in the northern and western regions of Alaska.
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Alaska’s Monthly Mean July Temperatures by Elevation
There are no X & Y axes here.
The trend is that as elevation increases, temperature decreases.
Temperature is given in degrees C & F. Altitude is given in km and mi.
Alaska is in the 60-90N latitude area on earth where the polar easterlies blow.
During the summer, people from the mountains use more fuel to heat their homes than people from the plains.
During summer, temperature is strongly controlled by elevation -- cold at the higher reaches of the Alaska and Brooks Ranges, and warmer in the lowlands.

13. Factor: Mountain Ranges
As the prevailing wind in a given area of latitude approaches a mountain range:
Moist, warm air rises. Warm air is capable of holding more moisture than cool air since there is more room in between molecules of air for water vapor to fit.
As the air rises it cools and condenses, losing its ability to hold water vapor so precipitation occurs (rain, sleet, snow, hail depending on the temperature).
This is known as the windward side of the mountain.
As the air goes over the top of the mountain range and comes down the other side, it has already released its moisture so the air is dry.
As it gets closer to the surface it warms creating a warm, dry breeze.

14. Factor: Mountain Ranges
Satellite image of the Tibetan Plateau. This is a clear example of how being on the leeward side of a large mountain range affects climate in a region.
The Himalaya Mountain Range is just to the right of the green area in the lower left of the image. The air dumped over the other side is dry.

15. Rain Shadow Effect (Front) Windward Side: ___________
(Behind) Leeward Side: _____________
Nearly all moisture and precipitation is
deposited on the “windward” side of the
mountain.
cool, moist
warm, dry

16. Factor: Global Winds
This is a depiction of the pressure belts (Hadley cells) and global wind patterns.
Remind students the direction of the global winds in between each pressure belt (Hadley cell).

17. Factor: Global Winds Where do they come from? Over an ocean Dry land
From the equator
From the poles
If global winds come to an area over an ocean it will bring moisture to the area.
If over dry land the area will be dry.
If from the equator the air will be warm/hot
If from the poles the air will be cool/cold

18. Factor: Ocean Currents Follows global wind patterns.
Point out how the global winds, coriolis effect and convection currents turn ocean gyres clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Currents will be warm or cool and bring moisture to an area.

19. Ocean Currents Warm Currents: warmer climate
Cold Currents: cooler climate
Air temperatures is influenced by ocean
currents as they come into land.
Water temp influences land temp because water takes longer to heat up and cool off than air does.

21. Air Temp Water Temp Annual Surface and Water Temperatures from 2001
On the upper graph the X axis has longitude and Y has latitude. On the lower graph there are no X & Y axes.
The trend is that air temperature is influenced by water temperature since water takes longer to heat and release heat than air does. Another trend is that the warm air/water is near the equator and gets colder as you approach the poles.