1. PARAPHRASING Techniques
Tactics to
rewrite something
in a
different way

2. Paraphrasing
To paraphrase is to say the same thing in another way, using your own words.
We can successfully paraphrase by using a combination of techniques.

3. WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE? DEFINITION:
Paraphrasing is when we borrow ideas, language, or phrases from another person’s text; we write these using our own language and sentence patterns.

4. Paraphrasing Techniques
Change from a Clause to a Phrase (or vice versa)
Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech (or vice versa)
Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice (or vice versa)
Change to Synonyms
Change Word Forms

5. Change from a Clause to a Phrase
After he studied, John took a nap.
After studying, John took a nap.
The house across the street is new.
The house that is across the street is new.

6. Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech
Mr. Lee said, “I am ready for lunch.”
Mr. Lee said he was ready for lunch.
“I am ready for lunch.”

7. Change from Active Voice to Passive Voice
A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.

8. ……and replace words with synonyms.
A hotel employee will carry your bags.
Your bags will be carried by a hotel employee.
Your luggage will be picked up by a bell boy.

9. Change Word Forms Use an adverb instead of an adjective
Use a verb to replace a noun.
GROG is an accurate typist.
GROG types accurately.

10. Change to Synonyms The stallion was content with the mare.
Replace the original words with words that mean the same.
The stallion was content with the mare.
The stallion was happy with the mare.

11. When You can’t find a Synonym
Replace the original word with a definition.
The stallion was content with the mare.
The male horse was happy with the female horse.

12. Combine Techniques Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions
After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap.
After eating lunch, Mike slept a little.

13. Combine Techniques Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions
The house that is across the street is old.
The house across the street is old.
The house on the other side of the street is old.
The dwelling on the other side of the road is ancient.

14. Interpret Meaning…….Identify the underlying meaning of a statement.
The wolf said, “I am ready for lunch.”
The sheep looked very worried.
The wolf complained about being hungry which made the sheep extremely anxious.
I am ready for Lunch

15. Change transitions Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.

16. …… and change word forms
Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
It was raining; however, Bob walked to work.
Despite the rain, Bob went to work on foot.

17. Below is a passage taken from Raymond S
Below is a passage taken from Raymond S. Nickerson's "How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One's Own Knowledge to Others." Psychological Bulletin (1999): p737. (Original text)
In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least according to a Gricean view, is that one generally does not convey to others information that one can assume they already have.

18. Here is an example that is considered acceptable paraphrasing of this passage:
Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much knowledge about the subject, the audience will either misunderstand or be bewildered; however, assuming too little knowledge among those in the audience may cause them to feel patronized (p.737).

19. Exercise for E-learning
Paraphrase an article that will be given to you in the next slides. There will be no limitation of pages or words or paragraphs as long as you keep the information of the article. (Please be aware of the information transfer)
Submit it through
It is due to on Monday, November 10th , 2014

20. For Odd Students Number (NIM ganjil)
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21. For Even Students Number (NIM Genap)
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