1. Conditionals

2. I can’t sleep well if I’m not tired
conditionals
What are conditionals?
Conditionals have two clauses: a main clause and an if clause.
The main clause expresses a consequence of if:
I can’t sleep well if I’m not tired

3. conditionals What are conditionals?
Where the main clause comes first there is no comma between the two clauses. When the if clause comes first a comma is necessary to separate them.
I can’t sleep very well if I’m not tired.
If I’m not tired, I cant sleep very well.

4. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Real conditionals
What are real conditionals?
They describe situations that occur regularly or are reasonably likely to occur. You can recognise them by the choice of tense in each clause.
Where the main clause uses the present simple, its describing a situation that’s usually true- just like the normal use if the present simple:
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

5. If I find something challenging, I get more excited.
Real conditionals
What are real conditionals?
We sometimes call conditionals, where both clauses use the present simple, zero conditionals. These are the most common.
They are used for things that generally happen and are always true; such as scientific truths and generalisations:
If I find something challenging, I get more excited.

6. When it’s not raining, I walk to my lectures.
Real conditionals
What are real conditionals?
We sometimes use present continuous instead of present simple. When this happens the conditional still expresses general truths:
When it’s not raining, I walk to my lectures.

7. If I’m tired at night, I may go to bed.
Real conditionals
What are real conditionals?
Where the main clause uses a modal verb (will, may, might, could, should) in its usual form it shows that something is possible or likely in the future:
If I’m tired at night, I may go to bed.

8. Real conditionals What are real conditionals?
When they have present simple in the if clause and modal verbs in their usual form in the main clause they are sometimes called first conditionals.
We use them to talk about possible or likely events and situations in the future.
If this experiment succeeds, I’ll be very pleased.
If you don’t try, you won’t succeed.

9. Real conditionals What are real conditionals?
If you put a modal verb in the main clause of a zero conditional, you get a first conditional.
Notice how the action of the modal verb changes the meaning:
If I’m tired at night, I go to bed.
If I’m tired at night, I may go to bed.

10. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Recap
Zero conditionals- generally happen; always true (e.g. scientific truths):
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
First conditionals- possible likely events and situations in the future:
Exercise 1 p29

11. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Even if, whether…or not…
The project will continue even if funding isn’t available.
The project will continue whether or not funding is available.
The project will continue whether funding is available or not.
See how even if + negative verb has the same meaning as whether or not + positive verb.

12. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Whenever, however, wherever, whoever:
You're welcome to visit the lab whenever you want.
You can come here however you like.
Wherever I am, I can sleep easy.
Whoever you are, plenty of sleep is important and necessary.

13. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Unless
Unless means if not
Unless enough students enrol, we wont be able to run the course next year.

14. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Provided that, providing that, on condition that, as long as, only if:
Provided that the equipment is available, we can begin.
As long as it doesn’t rain, we’ll go on a trip next week.
You can watch on condition that you stay quiet.

15. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Supposing, assuming (that):
Supposing means imagine if and assuming means lets think temporarily that.
Supposing you pass the exam, what will you do next?
Assuming you have the opportunity to take the Korean course next week, will you take it?

16. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
in case
In case means as a precaution.
I’ll take the umbrella in case it rains.

17. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Otherwise
We have to finish soon, otherwise it’ll get too dark to see anything.

18. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
Given that, since:
Both of these can be used with the same meaning as because.
Given that we only have a short time left, I think we should hurry up.
Since the research project raised so many questions, further research into this area is recommended.

19. Conditionals with different conjunctions
Using another conjunction instead of if
By…ing
By using this product, you’ll be able to monitor your own sleep patterns.
Exercises 2-4 p29

20. Hypothetical conditionals
What are hypothetical conditionals?
They describe things that are unlikely to happen or will never happen.

21. Hypothetical conditionals
Unreal and future conditionals:
The if clause describes an event or situation. Where this uses the past simple or past continuous, we see the event or situation as unlikely, unrealistic or impossible.
By moving the tense backwards, from present to past, we make the action seem distant from reality.

22. Hypothetical conditionals
Changing will in the main clause to would also creates a sense of distance from reality. Changing can to could has the same effect.
Would is often shortened to ‘d especially in speaking.

23. Hypothetical conditionals
Where the if clause uses the past simple and the main clause uses a past modal, we call this second conditional. Look at the sentences below:
If I finish my assignment tomorrow, I’ll be happy.
If I finished my assignment tomorrow, I’d be happy.
In the first sentence, a first conditional, the speaker feels there is a good chance she will finish her assignment tomorrow. In the second, a second conditional, she feels that this is much less likely.

24. Hypothetical conditionals
Unreal past conditionals:
Where the if clause uses the past perfect, it refers to something in the past that didn’t happen.
If I’d had a car…
Where the main clause uses would/ could/ might/ may + have/has + past participle it refers to a past consequence or result that didn’t happen.
I would have given you a lift.
We sometimes shorten would to ‘d just like had.

25. Hypothetical conditionals
Unreal past conditionals:
When we use a combination of these things we call it a third conditional:
If I’d had a car, I’d have given you a lift.
If the research had involved more students, the results might have indicated even less average sleep time.

26. Hypothetical conditionals
Unreal past conditionals:
Tenses can also vary, e.g. we can use the past perfect continuous.
If it hadn’t been raining, I wouldn’t have got wet.

27. Hypothetical conditionals- recap
Second conditionals- the if clause uses the past simple and the main clause uses a past modal. Unlikely and unrealistic:
If I finished my assignment tomorrow, I’d be happy.
Past simple
Past modal
Third conditionals- the if clause uses the past perfect the main clause uses would/ could/ might/ may + have/has + past participle, refers to something in the past that didn’t happen.
If I’d had a car, I’d have given you a lift.
Exercises 1, 2 and 3 p32
Past perfect
Would (modal)
Have
Past participle

28. Verb patterns
Many verbs are followed by a specific pattern of words. This pattern can vary from verb to verb.
The following example follows verb + infinitive:
The professor wanted to know the number of people who were expected to attend his lecture.

29. Verb patterns
Direct objects: In the below example, the public health service is a direct object of consider:
The government considered the public health service to be of primary importance.
subject
verb
object

30. Verb patterns Direct objects: usually noun phrases
A noun phrase is a single noun, a pronoun or a group of words that act like a noun.
He wanted Sophie to come with him.
He wanted her to come with him.
He wanted his friend to come with him.
He wanted the friend who he had met at university to come with him.

31. Verb patterns Verbs that take ing forms:
Many ing forms can be replaced by nouns, such as those in the objects of verbs these are often called gerunds.
Gerunds = A noun made from a verb by adding ing:
I enjoy reading (here reading is a noun)

32. Verbs that take ing Verb+ ing Verb+ direct object+ preposition+ ing
*direct object is optional before the ing form
Practice, enjoy, discuss, finish, can’t help, suggest, recommend, miss, delay, postpone, consider, admit, mention, appreciate, risk, deny
Please enjoy eating your meal.
Avoid*, dislike*, don’t mind*, can’t*, stand*, hate*, imagine*, keep*, tolerate*, report*, anticipate*, recall*
I can’t imagine my friend travelling very far.
Verb+ direct object+ preposition+ ing
Involve sb in, prohibit sb from, blame sb for, compliment sb on
He complimented one student on passing his exams.
Verb+ preposition+ ing
Believe in, benefit from, depend on, dream of/ about, specialise in, succeed in, look forward to
It depends on trying hard.

33. Verbs that take to infinitives
Verb+ to infinitive
*direct object is optional before the infinitive
Aim, decide, agree, hope, learn, promise, can afford, manage, demand, choose, offer, wait, seem, prepare, pretend, refuse, tend, deserve, appear, arrange, claim, pretend, plan
He aimed to get the highest score in all tests
Intend*, want*, expect*, help*, ask*, would like*, would hate*, would prefer*
He expected her to get fall marks in the test
Verb+ direct object+ to infinitive
(direct object is compulsory)
Allow, assist, require, use, design, force, cause
He allowed her to take the test

34. Verbs that take either ing forms or to infinitives
Verb+ ing/ to infinitive, no change in meaning
Continue, like, begin, love
He continued to study/ studying hard.

35. Chaining Long chains of these verbs can be easily generated.
In this example, consider is followed by an ing form, then allow is followed by a direct object+ infinitive and so is train:
We are considering allowing him to train Jeff to analyse the data.

36. Chaining
ing forms or to infinitives can be joined by: and or and also.
We continue to practice kicking and catching balls.
We like to eat, drink and also have fun together.