1. NRM Approaches, Conservation and Conflicts
DAAD Alumni Expert Seminar “Capacity Building in Integrated Watershed Management for Sustainable Natural Resource Management and Conflict Resolution in Transboundary Mountainous Ecosystems of Eastern Africa ” 12th to 23rd of February 2012 Mt Elgon, Uganda
NRM Approaches, Conservation and Conflicts
Eastern Africa: Case Study Sudan
Dr. Moahemd Salih Dafalla
Dept. of Soil & Environment Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan

2. Introduction
Sudan is one of the Sahelian country.
Its climate varied from desert in the north to savannah in the south. The rainfall varies from 0 at the north to 800 mm in the south.
It faced numerous drought periods, especially during the 1960s and 1980s which lead to severe famines and mass immigration.
During the last decades Sudan was subjected to several occasions of drought, which resulted in a pronounced destruction of vegetation and living conditions. People faced famines and large numbers of animals were lost as a result of shortage of fodder and water. In the Sudan’s Desert Encroachment Control and Rehabilitation Program (ARC, 1976) it was concluded that “it appears that no one single factor causes desertification. Obviously, it is a combination of factors involving fragile ecosystem, harsh and fluctuating climate, and man’s activities, some of which are increased in an irreversible magnitude by weather fluctuations, especially periodic droughts”.

3. Sudanese ancient civilation (KOSH CIVILIZATION(

6. Sudan Natural Resource
Land (Agriculture, rangeland)
Water
Surface water
Underground water
Animals
Mineral (Gold, Cupper, Gypsum etc)
Oil

11. Land resource/conflict
200 million acres suitable for agriculture
Need large investment (for establishment of farms)
Irrigation system
Soil reclamation
Local peoples’ right claims
Attitude and behaviour of local inhabitant towards governmental plans
Mismanagement of natural resource (inefficient water use)
Interest conflicts (livestock vs Agriculture)

12. Right claims

13. Sandy soils

14. Shallow soils

15. Gezira Irrigation system

16. Governmental/private effort
Land use planning
Land survey
Legalization of the local claims
Modern agricultural system (modern irrigation)

17. Soil Survey

18. Student training in topic of agriculture under desert condition

22. Merowe Dam

23. Solar energy

24. Drip irrigation

25. Sanitation Problem
The old sanitation sewage system was built to serve small town of a population of 1 million, now the city population is far beyond this approximately 10 million.
The trend now is either local hole system or septic tank to underground water.
Both systems increase underground water pollution

26. Resolution
New plan of extension of the old system to serve the whole city

27. Natural resource/Political issues
Is political instability a cause of natural resource deterioration or the opposite is correct.
South Sudan/Sudan civil war.
Darfour crisis.
The conflict between herds owners and farmers.
The competition on the underground mineral and oils.
The politician willing?

28. شكراً جزيلاً
Danke schon
Thank you