1. The Endocrine System

2. The Endocrine System – Chapter 9
Glands release hormones
Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism
Hormones bind to receptors
Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act

3. Two Types of Glands ENDOCRINE glands EXOCRINE glands
Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
EXOCRINE glands
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.

4. Glands of the Endocrine System
See page in text for more information.

5. Endocrine System
Common conditions that result in various pathologies of the endocrine system.
Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion of a hormone

6. Pituitary Gland Known as a master gland
Regulates many body activities; stimulates other glands to secrete specific hormones

7. Pituitary Gland

8. Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – ACTH
Promotes secretion of cortisol
Hyposecretion rare
Hypersecretion causes Cushing’s Disease
Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH
Stimulates ovaries to produce egg and secretion of estrogen
Testes in males, stimulates sperm production

10. Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1
Growth Hormone - GH (Somatropin)
Hyposecretion in children causes dwarfism
Hypersecretion in children causes gigantism
Hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly

13. Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Ovaries in females, promotes ovulation, estrogen and progesterone secretion
Testes in males, promotes testosterone secretion
Hyposecretion – failure of sexual maturation
Hypersecretion – No known effects

14. Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1
Prolactin – promotes lactation
Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

15. Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – Inceases water reabsorption by the kidney
Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion causes syndrome on inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH)

18. Combining Forms – page 396 Aden/o gland Adren/o
Adrenal/o adrenal glands
Calc/o calcium
Crin/o secrete

20. Adrenal Glands outer portion, the adrenal cortex
Each gland has two parts
outer portion, the adrenal cortex
Secretes glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, gonadocorticoids
inner portion, adrenal medulla
Secretes catecholamines
chemicals derived from amino acids

21. Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4
Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone).
Influences--SUGAR
Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes
Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences--SALT
Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX

22. Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4
Two types of catecholamine hormones
Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure

24. Combining Forms Gluc/o Glyc/o sugar Pancreat/o pancreas
Parathryoid/o parathyroid glands

25. Pancreas Located near and partially behind stomach
Exocrine and endocrine organ 24

26. Parathyroid Glands

27. Pancreatic Hormones – Table 9-5
Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen
Hyposecretion causes diabetes mellitus
Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells
Hyposecretion causes hypoglycemia

28. Parathyroid Hormones – Table 9-3
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Increases reabsorption of Ca from bone to blood.
Increases Ca absorption by kidney
Increases Ca absorption by small intestine

30. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Hyposecretion causes tetnany
Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica – bones become soft and deformed.

31. Combining Forms Pituitar/o pituitary gland Thym/o thymus gland Thyro/o
Thyriod/o thyroid gland

32. Thyroid Gland

33. Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2
thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate

34. Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2
Calcitonin – Regulates calcium level in the blood with PTH
Secreted when blood calcium levels are high.

35. Thymus Gland

36. Combing Form/Suffixes
Toxic/o poison
-dipsia thirst
-trophy development/nourishment

37. Build Medical Words excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/
pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: / /toxic
sugar in urine: /uria
blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: / /emia

38. excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/dipsia
pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: thyr/o/toxic
sugar in urine: glycos/uria or glucos/uria
blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: hyper/glyc/emia

39. Build Medical Words instrument to measure sugar: /o/
excessive (many, much) urination: poly/
condition of deficient insulin: hypo/ /
secrete within (internally): endo/

40. Build Medical Words instrument to measure sugar: gluc/o/meter
excessive (many, much) urination: poly/uria
condition of deficient insulin: hypo/insulin/ism
secrete within (internally): endo/crine

41. Build Medical Terms specialist in study of poisons:
inflammation of the pancreas:
enlargement of extremities:
tumor of a gland:

42. Build Medical Terms
specialist in study of poisons: toxic/o/logist or toxic/o/log/ist
inflammation of the pancreas: pancreat/itis
enlargement of extremities: acr/o/megaly
tumor of a gland: aden/oma

43. Thyroid Abnormalities
Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid Increased supply of iodine, thyroid-blocking drugs, radioactive iodine.
What are some treatment options for goiter?
Increased supply of iodine, thyroid-blocking drugs, radioactive iodine.
What are some conditions that can produce hypothyroidism?
What symptoms are associated with hypothyroidism? (fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature, constipation)

44. hypothyroidism
What symptoms are associated with hypothyroidism? (fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature, constipation)

45. Thyroid Abnormalities
Hyposecretion
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema
Cretinism
Neoplasms
Thyroid carcinoma

47. Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism.

48. Thyroid Abmormalities
Hypersecretion
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease – Autoimmune
Exophthalmos and proptosis

49. Parathyroid Abnormalities
Hypersecretion
Hyperparathyroidism
Loss of bone density
Kidney stones
Hypercalcemia
What is hypercalcemia and what are its effects?
What is hypocalcemia and what are its effects?

50. Parathyroid Abnormalities
Hyposecretion:
Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany

51. Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex
Hypersecretion
adrenal virilism – excessive androgens
amenorrhea, hirsutism (hair growth), acne, voice deepening
Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol
Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition
Have students state the potential causes of these abnormalities and whether or not they can be treated.
If so, how are they treated and what is the prognosis?

54. Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex
Hyposecretion
Addison disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels
hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure

56. Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla
Pheochromocytoma:
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms

57. Abnormalities of the Pancreas
Hypersecretion
Hyperinsulinism – excessive secretion of insulin causing;
Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting

58. Pancreas Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells
Type 1 : childhood onset typically
Type 2 : adult onset typically

59. Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion
acromegaly
gigantism
Hyposecretion
dwarfism
panhypopituitarism

63. Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH
Excess water retention
Hyposecretion
Diabetes insipidus
Deficient ADH
Polyuria and polydipsia

64. Laboratory Tests Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Serum and urine tests
Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours
Serum and urine tests
Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc. in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function
Thyroid function tests
Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
What symptoms would prompt these tests to be ordered?

65. Laboratory Tests Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test
Administration of RAIU in pill or liquid form.
Used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland uptakes iodine from the blood.

66. Laboratory Tests Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Measures blood glucose levels at regular intervals (usually 3 hours).
Used to diagnose diabetes mellitus with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests.

67. Glucometer Monitors blood glucose levels (glycemia)
Self-monitoring, usually done before meals and at bedtime

68. Pharmacology Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Oral hypoglycemics
Oral administration of injection of synthetic hormones.
Corrects deficiency in estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone.
Oral hypoglycemics
Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in non–insulin-dependent diabetics with some pancreatic function.

69. Insulin Pump

70. QUICK QUIZ: Addison disease Acromegaly Cushing syndrome Graves disease
What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty?
Addison disease
Acromegaly
Cushing syndrome
Graves disease
CORRECT Answer is B, Acromegaly. See page 746 in 8e for more information.