1. Daily Food for Thought What does the word ruminant mean to you?
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2. In Groups of Four, See Which Group Can Solve this Puzzle in 5 minutes
Abomasum
Esophagus
Mouth
Omasum
Reticulum
Rumen
Small Intestine

4. Monogastric Digestive System Trace
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anus

5. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Learning Target:
I can trace the parts of the ruminant digestive system and describe the functions of each.

6. The Ruminant Digestive System

7. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Functions of the digestive system of animals include:
ingestion (eating)
chewing (mastication)
swallowing (deglutition)
absorption of nutrients
elimination of solid wastes (defecation)

8. Ruminant Digestive Systems
The digestive system changes food nutrients into compounds that are easily absorbed into the bloodstream.

9. Ruminants
2.8 billion domesticated ruminants ?

10. How many ruminant animals can you name?
Work with the person next to you and brainstorm
How many ruminant animals can you name?

11. Ruminants 2.8 billion domesticated ruminants Pregastric fermentation
Cattle, sheep, deer, elk, bison
Pregastric fermentation
Ability to chew cud at frequent intervals distinguishes true ruminant from other foregut fermenters
Kangaroo, colobine monkey are not true ruminants
Four compartment stomach
Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum

12. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Different species of animals have digestive systems adapted to the most efficient use of the food they consume.
The anatomy and physiology of the digestive systems of herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores all differ.

13. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Ruminants are those animals that contain a multi-chambered digestive system (polygastric) that allows the animal to gain the majority of their nutritional needs from forages and other roughages.
Forage refers to grasses, roughages refers to other high-fiber food sources.

14. What items would be considered roughages?
Working in your pairs, brainstorm
What items would be considered roughages?

15. Esophagus Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasom Small Intestine Cecum
Label the following Ruminant Digestive System 1.
Esophagus
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasom
Small Intestine
Cecum
Large Intestiine
Rectum 2. 3. 4. 7. 5. 9. 8. 6.

16. Daily Food for Thought
Trace or list the parts of the ruminant digestive system
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On the Insert menu, click Slides from Files.
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Click Browse, locate and select the presentation that contains the image slide, and then click Open.
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17. Ruminant Digestive Systems
The length and complexity of the digestive system depends on the species.
In herbivores, it is very long and complex.

18. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Pancreas
Pharynx
Rectum
Ruminant Digestive Systems
Kidney
Liver
Esophagus
Cecum
Teeth
Picture of digestive system of cow
Anus
Tongue
Colon
Reticulum
Salivary Gland
Rumen
Small Intestine
Omasum
Abomasum

19. Ruminant Digestive Systems
The digestive system of ruminant animals includes the :
Mouth - grasps the food
Teeth - grind the food
Ruminants have only one set of teeth in the front of the mouth (incisors), and two sets in the back (molars).

20. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Tongue - covered with finger-like projections (papillae) that contain taste buds.
Salivary glands - secrete saliva, that moistens food and is mixed with the food material to aid in swallowing.

21. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Pharynx - funnels food into the esophagus, preventing food material from entering the lungs.
Esophagus - food tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach.

22. Ruminant Stomach
Anatomy:
Reticulum
Rumen
Omasum
Abomasum

23. Ruminant Digestive Systems
At this point, ruminant animals have a multi-chambered “stomach”
Reticulum - honeycomb-like interior surface, this part helps to remove foreign matter from the food material.

24. Reticulo-rumen
Although structurally they appear as a single continuous compartment, functionally they are distinctly different

25. Reticulum - full

26. Reticulum - cleaned

27. Reticulum Honeycomb lining Formation of food bolus
No secretions
Formation of food bolus
Regurgitation initiated here
Collects hardware (nails, wire)

28. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Ruminant animals grasp mouthfuls of food and swallow it before it is chewed.
They wrap their tongue around a mouthful of grass, clamp down their teeth, and pull to break the grass at its weakest point, and swallow.

29. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Ruminants will“chew their cud” (regurgitate) their food material and then grind it with their molars at a time when the animal is resting.
This is done until the food particles are small enough to pass through the reticulum into the rumen.

30. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Since ruminant animals do not “chew” their food when it is taken in, at times foreign material like rocks, nails, small pieces of wire, can be swallowed.

31. Ruminant Digestive Systems
While the animal is “chewing its cud” foreign particles that are heavy are allowed to “sink” in the reticulum, preventing many foreign particles from entering the rest of the digestive system.
Once foreign material enters the reticulum, it stays there for the life of the animal.

32. Ruminant Digestive Systems
If enough of this foreign material remains in the reticulum, it may cause damage and infection of the reticulum (hardware disease).

33. Telephone Cord

34. Wire

35. Sponge taken from digestive system of an animal

36. Daily Food for Thought
What are the compartments of the ruminant stomach?
To insert this slide into your presentation
Save this template as a presentation (.ppt file) on your computer.
Open the presentation that will contain the image slide.
On the Slides tab, place your insertion point after the slide that will precede the image slide. (Make sure you don't select a slide. Your insertion point should be between the slides.)
On the Insert menu, click Slides from Files.
In the Slide Finder dialog box, click the Find Presentation tab.
Click Browse, locate and select the presentation that contains the image slide, and then click Open.
In the Slides from Files dialog box, select the image slide.
Select the Keep source formatting check box. If you do not select this check box, the copied slide will inherit the design of the slide that precedes it in the presentation.
Click Insert.
Click Close.

37. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Rumen - the organ that allows for bacterial and chemical breakdown of fiber.
The rumen has a very thick, muscular wall.
It fills most of the left-side of the abdomen

38. Ruminant Digestive Systems
The walls of the rumen contain papillae (that can be up to 1 cm. in length), where the bacteria that are used to breakdown fiber live.
In some ruminants (dairy cattle) the rumen can have a capacity of gallons!

39. Rumen Digestion and fermentation vat
40-50 gallons
No secretions
Contains anaerobic microbes (25-50 billion bacteria/mL fluid)
Also protozoa, fungi
Produce VFA, protein
Papillae lining
Increase surface area
Absorption of VFA
Passive diffusion

40. Papillae in Rumen

41. Papillae in Rumen

42. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Omasum - section that is round and muscular.
“Grinds” the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown.

43. Omasum Laminae/manyply lining Reduces particle size
Muscular folds
No secretions
Reduces particle size
Absorption of water
~60% removed
Absorption of VFAs
~2/3 of VFAs entering or 10% of total produced
Prevents buffering of the abomasum

44. Omasum - full

45. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Abomasum - very similar to the stomach of non-ruminants.
this is where the majority of chemical breakdown of food material occurs.
mixes in digestive enzymes (pepsin, rennin, bile, etc.).

46. Abomasum – inside view

47. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Small Intestine - where most of the food material is absorbed into the bloodstream
Contains three sections:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum

48. Ruminant Digestive Systems
The food material is continually squeezed as it is moved through the small intestine, becoming more solid.
The majority of the food material absorption occurs in the duodenum and the jejunum.

49. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Large Intestine - begins to prepare unused food material for removal from the body
a portion of the large intestine in some animals contain pouches that may contain enzymes for further species-specific digestion (horses and rabbits (cecum)).

50. Large Intestine Fermentative digestion
Bacteria similar to rumen, but no protozoa
Digestion in colon may account for as much as:
27% of cellulose digestion
40% of hemicellulose digestion
10% of starch digestion
Only important in conditions that increase the amount of fermentative carbohydrate entering the large intestine
Increased rate of passage of forages
High grain diets
May account for as much as 17% of total VFA absorption
VFAs are efficiently absorbed, but primarily used as energy source for large intestinal mucosa cells

51. Large Intestine Absorption of ammonia-N Mineral absorption
May account for as much as 30 to 40% of the net transport of N into body fluid
Absorbed N may be used for:
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids
Recycling of N to the rumen
Important on low protein diets
Regulated by:
Increased by increasing N concentration of diet
Decreased by increasing the amount of carbohydrate fermented in the large intestine
Mineral absorption
Water absorption
90% of water entering the LI is absorbed

52. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Colon - collects the unused food material that is to be removed from the body
Rectum - “poop chute”
Anus - opening through which the waste is removed.
Controlled by sphincter muscles, that also help protect the opening.

53. Ruminant Digestive Systems
In conclusion, the rumen allows for bacteria to breakdown fiber, enabling ruminants to gain the proteins and energy from plant sources.
Non-ruminant animals cannot obtain the nutritional value from most plant sources unless the food has been modified (ground, mashed, etc.)
index

54. Ruminant Digestive Systems
Ruminants are those animals that contain a multi-chambered digestive system (_________) that allows the animal to gain the majority of their nutritional needs from _______ and other _____________.

55. Ruminant Digestive Systems
At this point, ruminant animals have a multi-chambered “__________”
_________ - honeycomb-like interior surface, this part helps to remove foreign matter from the food material.

56. Ruminant Digestive Systems
______ - the organ that allows for bacterial and chemical breakdown of fiber.
The _____ has a very thick, muscular wall.
It fills most of the _______ of the abdomen

57. Ruminant Digestive Systems
_______ - section that is round and muscular.
“______” the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown.

58. Ruminant Digestive Systems
__________ - very similar to the stomach of non-ruminants.
this is where the majority of chemical breakdown of food material occurs.
mixes in digestive __________ (pepsin, rennin, bile, etc.).