1. Week 12 Overview Musculoskeletal test Review the midterm
Turn in page 112 from syllabus and 2 puzzles (handout)
Review the midterm
Go over Reproductive (syllabus)
Urinary System Lecture pages
Endocrine Assignment page 121
Week 13- make up tests- sign up and preparation for the endocrine presentation
Homework

2. The Urinary System Introduction
The urinary system consists of the following organs
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
meatus

3. Functions Excretion of waste products of metabolism
(nephrotoxic)
Excrete certain drugs an other substances
Control Fluid (water and electrolytes)
Maintain a constant acid-base balance

4. Other Functions (To protect renal function, non-excretory functions)
Secrete rennin to help regulate blood pressure
RBC production
Bone metabolism- vitamin D metabolism

5. Structures

6. Ureters
28-35 cm long
Function: conduct urine to urine to urinary bladder
Location: they arise from the pelvis of their own kidney
c. Made of: epithelia lining
d. How they work: peristaltic contractions

7. Urinary Bladder Function: to store urine Location: in front of the
pelvis
It is a muscular sac and it can hold cc
of urine. When the nerve endings receive
stimuli that are transmitted to the reflex
centers in the spinal cord, the internal sphincter
located just above the point of insertion of the urethra
into the bladder relaxes and allows the expulsion of the
bladder contents. The external sphincter is normally under
voluntary control after the age of three years.

8. Function: It is a small duct that channels urine outside of the body from the bladder.
Location:
Female: it is 3-5 cm long and opens just above the vagina. The external opening is called the urethra meatus. The external sphincter is located in the middle of the urethra. The urethra serves simply as a tube through which the urine flowing from the bladder makes an exit from the body.
Male: It is about 20 cm long, originating at the bladder and traversing the length of the penis. The urethra meatus through which urine is discharged is located at the tip of the glans penis.
Urethra
Meatus

9. Kidneys

10. a. Function: It is the chief regulator of homeostasis and of the body’s internal environment.
b. Location: These are reddish-brown, bean-shaped, and highly vascular organs. Each kidney is located on each side of the spinal column and just below the diaphragm. They area usually about 12 cm long in the adult. The adrenal glands are located just above each kidney (supra-renal). The position of the liver causes the right kidney to be slightly lower than the left. The duodenum and ascending colon lie in front of the right kidney, while the spleen and descending colon lie in front of the left one. Each kidney is surrounded by fat and encapsulated in fibrous tissue (perirenal) a fat layer to protect it.

11. Kidney’s Anatomic Structure (three regions)
a. Cortex- (Greek for bark, outer layer) It has a granular appearance. Most of the nephron is located here.
Includes proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules
Glomeruli- glomerular filtration, the key to urine formation
Includes the renal columns
( -90% of the blood filtered by the cortex)
b. Medulla
Renal pyramids, Loop of Henle
Pelvis
Major and minor calyces (cuplike structures)
It can hole 3-5

14. NEPHRON OF THE KIDNEY LOCATED IN THE CORTEX: This is the kidney’s functional unit. This is where the filtering process takes place. There are approximately 1,000,000 nephrons in each kidney. The nephrons are located in the cortex of the kidney. It is comprised of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubules, an afferent vessel, efferent vessel, and a capillary network.
The work of the nephron is the formation of urine. Basically the nephrons perform two main activities; Mechanical filtration of fluids, wastes, electrolytes, acids and bases into the tubular system and selective reabsorption and secretion of ions back to the body’s system. Urination, micturition, or voiding is the normal process of excreting urine.

16. Diagnostic Procedures
Catheterization- a technique in which a hollow, flexible tube is used to drain body fluids (such as urine)
Cystoscopy- examination of the bladder using an instrument called a cystoscope
IVP- intravenous pyelogram-a test that examines the urinary system using a contrast medium that can be seen on x-rays to show possible obstructions, tumors, cysts, stones, and other abnormalities.
UA- urinalysis- laboratory examination of urine for various cells and chemicals, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, infection, or excessive protein

17. Pathology Anuria- without urine production
Polyuria- much urine production
Dysuria- difficult or painful urination
Nocturia- urinating at night

18. Nephrolithiasis- kidney stones
Nephritis- inflammation of the kidney
Nephrosis- abnormal condition of the kidney

19. Nephrosclerosis- hardening of the kidney
Nephroptosis- downward displacement of the kidney
Glomerulonephritis- Inflammation of the Glomeruli of the kidney

20. Pyelitis- inflammation of the renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney
Cystitis- inflammation of the urinary bladder

21. Diuresis- Removing excess fluid from the body through increased urine output
Enuresis- bedwetting
Urethrorrhea- discharge from the urethra
Oliguria- scanty urine production
Incontinence- Loss of bladder and/or bowel control

22. Procedures
Dialysis- the artificial process of cleaning wastes from the blood when kidneys fail
Hemodialysis- the use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer (DY-uh-LY-zur), a machine that removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then goes back into the body.

23. Hemodialysis

25. Lithotripsy- crushing of stone
Nephrectomy- removal of a kidney
Nephropexy- surgical fixation of a kidney
Cystectomy- removal of the urinary bladder
Lithotomy- incision to remove a stone

26. Abbreviations BUN- blood urea nitrogen
Cr- creatinine-a substance in the blood (a piece of a protein) which should be at a constant level in the blood.
IVP- intravenous pyelogram

27. KUB- kidney, ureter, bladder
pH- acid-base balance
UA- urinalysis
C&S- culture and sensitivity
GU- genitourinary

28. BPH- benign prostatic hypertrophy
TURP- transurethral resection of the prostate

29. GTT- glucose tolerance test
FBS- fasting blood sugar
PSA- prostate specific antigen

30. Medications
Cranberry Juice
Pyridium
Diuretic
Sulfur Drugs

31. WEEK #12 – URINARY SYSTEM ELEMENTS
(use with your textbook for CD-Rom)
Element Meaning
 carcin/o cancer
cyst/o bladder
erythr/o red
glomerul/o glomerulus, little ball
gluc/o sugar
glyc/o sugar
hemat/o blood
lith/o stone/calculus
nephr/o kidney

32. ELEMENT MEANING
noct/o night
olig/o scanty/little
poly- many, much
py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
rect/o rectum
ren/o kidney
scler/o hardening
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
ur/o urine
vesic/o bladder
-al,-ic,-ous pertaining to
-cele hernia-
-cyte cell

33. ELEMENT MEANING
-ectasis dilation, expansion
-edema swelling
-gram record, a writing
-graphy process of recording
-iasis abnormal condition by
-lith stone, calculus
-megaly enlargement
-oma tumor
-pathy disease
-pexy fixation
-ptosis prolapse, downward displacement

34. ELEMENT MEANING
-rrhaphy suture
-scope instrument to view
-scopy visual examination
-stenosis narrowing stricture
-stomy forming a new opening
-tripsy crushing
-uria urine, urination
a-, an- without, not
dys- bad, painful, difficult
poly many, much

35. Review- Urinary and Reproductive Test
Page 119 in syllabus

36. Homework Complete pages 336-347 (book), Interactive CD
Complete pg. 119 (syllabus)
Study for make-up test
Prepare for endocrine presentation