1. Whistleblowing

2. Definition of Whistleblowing
One who reveals wrong-doing within an organization to the public or to those in positions of authority.
One who discloses information about misconduct in their workplace that they feel violates the law or endangers the welfare of others.
One who speaks out, typically to expose corruption or dangers to the public or environment.

3. Types of Whistle-Blowing
Internal
Whistleblowing
When an individual advocates beliefs or revelations within the organization.
External
Whistleblowing
When and individual advocates beliefs or revelations outside the organization.

4. Characteristics of a Whistleblower
Altruistically Motivated
Utilitarian
Uninterested in Altering Their Behavior
Allows Own Attitudes and Beliefs to Guide Them
Often are Well Educated and Hold Professional Positions

5. Ethical Elements #1 - Necessity
Because of the nature of most research environments, misconduct will only come to light if someone close to the project blows the whistle.

6. Ethical Elements #2 - Obligation
“Someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act.”
While this obligation might be met by formal reporting of the alleged misconduct, this is only one of many paths that might be open to the potential whistleblower.

7. Ethical Elements #3 - Consequences
Both whistleblowers and those accused of wrongdoing typically suffer whether or not the allegations are ultimately sustained.

8. Effects of Whistleblowing
Forced to leave organization / demotion
Credibility ruined
Family, health, and/or life in jeopardy
Outrage and divisiveness of people directly or indirectly involved
Physical or psychological isolation
Organization experiences loss of money, restitution, productivity, and positive reputations.
Incarceration

9. Ethical Elements #4 - Perspective
To avoid the mistake of an inappropriate allegation, potential whistleblowers should begin by asking questions and seeking perspective.

10. Ethical Elements #5 - Questions
A whistleblower, as well as his or her case, is best served by asking questions rather than drawing conclusions.

11. Ethical Elements #6 - Documentation
As with good research, the integrity of an allegation of research misconduct is best served by keeping clear, defensible records of what happened and when.

12. Ethical Elements #7 - Role
It is the responsibility of the whistleblower to appropriately report or respond to possible misconduct;
however it is not the whistleblower's role to further investigate the misconduct or mete out justice.

13. Regulations and Guidelines
To foster fair and timely responses to allegations of research misconduct, federal regulations include safeguards for informants and for the subjects of allegations, an expectation of objectivity and expertise, adherence to reasonable time limits, and respect for confidentiality.
Whistleblowers are protected under rulings from both state and federal governments.
The first amendment to the Constitution, guaranteeing free speech, gives whistleblowers legal protection from retaliation.

14. Conclusions
Presenting an allegation and supporting documentation, a whistleblower should clearly distinguish between facts and speculation.
It is easy to fall into the trap of inferring motives on the part of others.
By sticking to the facts of the case, a whistleblower (or the accused party) will reduce the risk of a loss of credibility.
In short, a whistleblower, as well as his or her case, will be best served by asking questions rather than drawing conclusions.