1. Unit 8: Climate ( pg ) Average conditions of temperature and precipitation over a long period of time

2. Do Now: What do you propose is the largest contributing factor to a locations climate?

3. #1: Your Latitude
Determines average temperature based off amount of incoming insolation
As distance from Equator ,
the temperature generally
Recall our Insolation lab with the globes and thermometers at different latitudes! 

4. Assuming that Latitude is the #1 factor influencing a regions climate, could one expect the same temperatures for two locations with the same latitude in the U.S.?

5. Where are temperatures the coldest in January?
*San Francisco
Kansas City*
*St. Louis
*Richmond

6. Where are temperatures the warmest in July?
*San Francisco
Kansas City*
*Richmond
*St. Louis

7. Compounded Averages

8. How does the proximity to the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean influence winter temperatures in the U.S.?

9. 1.) How could you tell which city was located in the southern hemisphere? 2.) Which city is located on the equator?

10. 2.) Proximity to large bodies of water
Climates near large bodies of water are more moderate in seasonal temp. changes (Cooler summers, warmer winters)
ex: Coastal California, Long Island, NY
Refered as:“Coastal” & “Marine” climates
Continental climates have larger seasonal temperature variations (Upstate NY)
Why?
specific heat of H20
Much of solar energy is used for evaporation
More mixing of heat energy because water is a better conductor

11. Main Factors that Affect a region’s climate: video
1.) Latitude
2.)Proximity to Bodies of Water
3.) Altitude
4.)Mountain Ranges/Orographic Effect
5.) Ocean Currents
6.)Wind Belts
7.) Storm Tracks
*These things then affect the vegetation of an area!

12. 3.)Altitude As altitude increases,temperature decreases
Cayambe Volcano, Ecuador,
5,7980 (m) in elevation

13. 4.) Orographic Effect: due to mountains Windward side :air cools due to expansion, if cooled below dewpoint clouds & rain Leeward Side (down-wind): air warms by compression and dries

14. Blue/Green: :heavy rainfall Orange:Dry Orographic Effect in Oregon

15. Ex:
Seattle and Spokane, WA

16. 5.)Ocean Currents (Pg 4 ESRT) -The surface temperature of an ocean current affects the air which lies above it (T &Humidity) cool water will cool the air warmer water will warm the air
The N. Pacific & California Current brings cooler air to the West Coast
The Gulf Stream warms the air
On the edges of the east coast

17. Checkpoint Questions
1.) How would the coastal annual temperatures vary in South America on the East and Western regions?
2.) What two ocean currents are responsible for this?

19. Sea Surface Temperatures

20. Hw: #26-39

21. 6.) Planetary Wind Belts- pg 14
High Pressure zones (air sinks): 90 and 30 degrees N/S latitudes. These are the worlds deserts
Low Pressure Zones (Air Rises): Moist rising air occurs along the equator (0) & in mid-latitudes (60 N/S). Wet zones

22. Distribution of the World’s Deserts

23. 7.) Storm Tracks
Weather systems in U.S. move from westeast (weather in Chicago you can expect to see in NY)
Hurricane Tracks: born in the S. Atlantic but move north-westward toward the Gulf of MX
Moved north- eastward by the Westerlies once it reaches the states

24. Localized Climatic Effects
Lake Effect Snow
Where?
-Around Great Lakes Areas
-Occurs when: A colder mass of air (cP or cA) moves over a warmer body of water (great lakes)

25. June 2011 Regents Q
On the map, dark-gray areas represent regions of lake-effect snow on a December day.
Which New York State location appears to be experiencing a lake-effect snowstorm?
(1) New York City  
(3) Plattsburgh
(2) Utica               
(4) Watertown
2 Utica

26. Winds blow from NWSE from Canada, causing lake effect snow on SE shores of the Great Lakes

27. Oswego is particularly affected by this climatic factor!

28. Hw # 173 #40-49

29. Changes in our weather patterns
El Nino Video Nat Geo

30. El Niño: referred to the warm ocean current that appears along pacific coast of South America *The easterly wind weakens and equatorial upwelling is suppressed warmer water moves East

31. Summary of El Nino events:
1.)Rise in pressure over the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and Australia
2.) Causing: Fall in air pressure over the central and eastern Pacific Ocean
3.) Result:Trade winds in the south Pacific weaken, and now move east instead of west
4.) Due to above: Warm air rises off West Coast of S. America, causing rain in the northern Peruvian deserts
5.) Warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.

32. Indian Monsoons
How can climate change effect this phenomenon?
Seasonal shifts in direction of the prevailing winds due to changes in temperature of Indian land mass

33. So what defines a dry or moist climate?
Amount of incoming precipitation VS. outgoing Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration= water evaporated from land/ocean surface + water that plants transpire to the atmosphere
Potential Evapotranspiration (Ep)- Yearly averages for potential evap.

34. Temperature and Moisture classify a climate
Arid (dry)/Semiarid:
Ave Total Precipitation < Ave yearly Evapotranspiration
“Wet” Climate/humid:
Ave. Total Precipitation > Ave. yearly Evapotranspiration
Temperature Zones:
Tropical- very warm (Puerto Rico) Arctic- cold (N. Canada)
Sub-Tropical-warm (Florida) Highland-cold (Rocky mnts)
Temperate –warm and cold= ave. (NYS)

35. Data is shown in Climographs (monthly record of T and P)