1. Audio Technology and Music Industry
Iwan Sonjaya,MT

2. What is the Music Industry?
A multi-billion dollar industry encompassing a wide range of professions, including creative artists as well as numerous service-oriented, legal and financial jobs.
Companies can range from single entrepreneurs to large multi-national corporations.

3. A Few Jobs in the Music Industry…
Recording/Performing Artist - “face” of the project
Record Producer - responsible for all aspects of project
Musician - plays an instrument
Sound Engineer - responsible for the technical aspect - live sound, recording, mixing, mastering

4. Other Jobs… Composer - writes/orchestrates/arranges music
Songwriter - writes songs - “tunesmith”
Lyricist - writes the lyrics
Artist Management
A&R – Artist & Repertoire: “talent scout”
Promoter
Music Educator - teaches music
Music Therapist - medical/therapeutic uses for music
Marketing
etc. etc. etc.

5. Highlights of Music Recording Technology
1877 – wax cylinder phonograph (Edison)
1888 – lateral-cut disc (Berliner)
1924 – electrical recording (Western Electric)
1930’s – experiments in stereo (Blumlein, Bell Labs)
1940’s – magnetic tape (Ampex)
1948 – LP introduced (CBS); EP introduced (RCA)
1958 – stereo LP introduced (RCA)
1964 – Studer J37 4-track recorder
1965 – cassette introduced
1970’s – first commercial digital audio recordings
1982 – CD introduced
1983 – MIDI introduced
1991 – ProTools introduced
1991 – World Wide Web becomes publicly accessible
1997 – DVD introduced
Blu-ray disc introduced

6. The Evolution of Audio Engineering - Technology
Phonoautograph – 1857, Leon Scott
Horn directs sound waves to a flexible diaphragm that captures and transfers sound to stylus and lever assembly that scratches the sound waves into a carbon or glass cylinder
Phonograph – 1877, Thomas Edison
Condenser Microphone
Vinyl & Electronic Amplifiers – 1920’s
Magnetic Film Strip/Early Tapes – 1933
Digital Recording & Compact Discs – Experimented with during the 60’s & 70’s, reached commercial markets by the 80’s; used in most homes by 90’s.
Purely Digital Media – 2001 (Napster & iTunes)

7. Stages of Making a Record
Pre-production
Writing/arranging/rehearsing songs
The “Demo”
Planning/preparation
Production/Post-Production
Recording
Editing
Mixing
Mastering
Duplication/Distribution/Sales
Methods of distribution – physical vs. virtual
Marketing and promotion
Touring
Merchandise
Licensing

8. Legal Stuff Copyright - ownership of intellectual property (IP)
An idea “Fixed in a tangible medium of expression”
Publishing - selling and marketing (exploitation) of IP
Licensing - use of IP
Print – Sheet Music
Synchronization – Visual Media (TV and Movies)
Mechanical – Sound recordings
Performance – broadcast and public performance
Royalties - payment for sales/use of IP
Different Royalties for Different licenses
Recording Artists can only earn mechanical royalties
Points - percentage of profits

9. How it works (sort of…)
Songwriter & Lyricist write song and own the copyright; Songwriter assigns copyright to Publisher to exploit, splitting the royalties with the publisher
Publisher shops song to TV or movie producers and record labels; issues a license to use the song – i.e. they could sell a mechanical license to a record label or a synchronization license to an ad agency for use in a commercial
Record Label obtains a mechanical license and uses a Recording/Performing Artist to create, market and distribute a recording of the song. Typically, the label owns the Sound Recording Copyright
Performing Rights Organization issues license to “perform the song in public” (i.e. radio broadcast, live performance, MUZAK)
Radio Stations and other “music users” obtain licenses to use the catalog of Performing Rights Organizations to attract listeners so that they can sell air time to advertisers

10. The Interplay Between Industry, Technology, & Culture
Sound Engineering:
The Interplay Between Industry, Technology, & Culture

11. What is Sound Engineering?
Sound Engineering encompasses many fields, but always involves one of the following:
Sound System Electronics
Acoustics
Psychoacoustics
Music
Live Sound
Studio Recording

12. Audio Engineering takes place both Live, and in the Studio
Configuring the Acoustics of a Room
Designing Sound Systems
Mixing & Controlling Live Sound
Even some live performers apply the ideas of Audio Engineering – DJ’s for instance.
Studio
Post Production (Television & Film)
Studio Recording
Mixing
Mastering
Radio
Game Design

13. The Evolution of Audio Engineering - Culture & Industry
The original phonoautographs & phonographs were marketed as court reporting, stenography, or dictation machines.
1899 – Phonograph industry dying, until coin-operated version is installed in penny arcades; recording industry resurges as music based industry.
1960’s – Tape & Film technology provides impetus for editing, splicing, and layering of sound. Results in:
Higher quality recordings
More competitive/creative industry
Higher importance in the role of the record producer
More careers in the study of acoustics, systems design, and studio recording mechanics.
□ – Complete digitization of recorded media allows for increased exposure for artists; controversial due to legalities.

14. Applied Sounds: Audio Engineering Today
Studio Hand
Producer
Applied Audio Technician
Mixing/Mastering Professional
Live Sound Technician
Systems Designer

15. Conclusions?
Technology develops independently of it's creators intents.
Culture influences how we use and identify with certain technology.
Technological ingenuity can make or break entire industries.

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17. Sekian dan Terimakasih

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