1. Types of Questions on Test:
Unit 8 & 9 Review
Types of Questions on Test:
Multiple Choice
True/False
Matching
Punnett Squares

2. Part 1
Genotype – D
Phenotype – B
Homozygous – F
Heterozygous – E
Monohybrid Cross – A
Dihybrid Cross – C
Part 2
7. Genetics – F
8. Heredity – G
9. Gene – A
10. Diploid – B
11. Haploid – E
12. Law of segregation – D
13. Law of independent assortment – C

3. Part 3
14. Homologous Chromosomes – C
15. Sex Chromosome – F
16. Autosome – D
17. Cross pollination – B
18. Pure strain – E
19. Allele – G
20. Dominant – A
21. Recessive – H
Review the following terms from Unit 9:
Complete Dominance – D
Incomplete Dominance – F
Codominance – I
Single Allele Trait – A
Multiple Allele Trait – G
Polygenic Trait – J
X-linked Gene – B
Sex Influenced Trait – H
Test cross – E
Linkage Group – C

4. 11. How many genes are found on each chromosome?
Hundreds! More than one gene per chromosome
12. How many strands of DNA (chromosomes) do humans have in a diploid?
46 chromosomes in each body cell (2 sets of 23 chromosomes)
44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (XX or XY) in every body cell
13. How many strands of DNA (chromosomes) do humans have in a haploid?
23 chromosomes in each haploid (sex cell, gamete)
1 set of 23 chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome)
14. Give two examples of a diploid cell.
Diploid Cell – Somatic (body) cell
Skin cell, Muscle cell, Blood cell, Cheek cell
15. Give two examples of a haploid cell.
Haploid Cell – Reproductive cell (Gamete)
Sperm (male gamete, 22 autosomes & either X or Y)
Egg (female gamete, 22 autosomes & an X chromosome)

5. A mutation in a haploid cell (sperm/egg) WILL affect the offspring
16. A person has a mutation in a diploid cell. Will this affect their offspring?
If the mutation is only in a diploid cell (skin cell, muscle cell) it WILL NOT affect the offspring
Skin cells, muscle cells, etc do not get passed down to the offspring
17. A person has a mutation in a haploid cell. Will this affect their offspring?
A mutation in a haploid cell (sperm/egg) WILL affect the offspring
When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, all the genes (good, bad, neutral) become the offspring’s genes 
18. Which parent determines the gender of the offspring? Explain your answer
The male (dad) determines the gender of the offspring
The female (mom, XX) can only pass down an X chromosome
The male (XY) can pass down either the X (produces a girl) or the Y (produces a boy) 
19. In order to produce a female offspring, an egg must be fertilized by a sperm carrying a(n) X chromosome.
20. In order to produce a male offspring, an egg must be fertilized by a sperm carrying a(n) Y chromosome.

6. 21. In Gregor Mendel’s experiments, what did he call the
original plants? P Generation (Parent Generation)
What about the first generation? F1 (First Filial)
The second generation? F2 (Second Filial)
22. In a monohybrid cross, what phenotypic ratio did Mendel observe when doing a heterozygous X heterozygous cross (F2 generation cross)?
3:1 ratio
23. When doing a dihybrid cross, what phenotypic ratio did Mendel observe in a heterozygous X heterozygous (F2 generation) dihybrid cross?
9:3:3:1 ratio
24. Which gender is more likely to have a recessive sex-linked disorder? Why?
MALES!
Since males only have one X chromosome, if they inherit only one X-linked recessive allele, they would have the disorder 
If females (XX) inherit only one recessive allele, they would be a carrier but would not have the disorder

7. 25. Polydactyl (Ff) X Five Fingers (ff)
Genotype of offspring: 2 Ff, 2 ff
Phenotype of offspring: 2 Polydactyl, 2 Five finger
Genotypic ratio: 2:2
Probability of Polydactyl: 2/4 or 50%
Probability of Five Fingers: 2/4 or 50%

8. 26. In impatient flowers, flower color shows incomplete dominance
26. In impatient flowers, flower color shows incomplete dominance. Red (RR) is dominant to white (rr), but the heterozygous results in a pink phenotype (Rr). Two pink flowers are crossed.
Genotype of Parents: Rr & Rr
Genotype of offspring: 1 RR, 2 Rr, 1 rr
Phenotype of offspring: 1 Red, 2 Pink, 1 white
Probability of Red: ¼ or 25%
Probability of Pink: 2/4 or 50%
Probability of White: ¼ or 25%

9. 27. In rabbits, the allele for black coat color is dominant over the allele for brown coat color. A homozygous brown coat rabbit is crossed with a heterozygous black coat rabbit.
Genotype of Parents: bb & Bb
Genotype of offspring: 2 Bb, 2 bb
Phenotype of offspring: 2 Black, 2 Brown
Probability of Black: 2/4 or 50%
Probability of Brown: 2/4 or 50%

10. Genotype of Parents: Tt & Tt Genotype of offspring: 1 TT, 2 Tt, 1 tt
28. In humans, the gene for the genetic disorder Tay-Sachs disease is recessive. Two parents that are carriers (heterozygous) have a child.
Genotype of Parents: Tt & Tt
Genotype of offspring: 1 TT, 2 Tt, 1 tt
Phenotype of offspring: 3 normal, 1 Tay-Sachs
Genotypic Ratio – 1:2:1
Phenotypic Ratio – 3:1
Probability of not having T-S: 3/4 or 75%
Probability of Tay-Sachs: 1/4 or 25%

11. Genotype of Parents: IB IB & IA i
29. Suppose a parent with homozygous Blood Type B (IB IB) has a child with a person heterozygous for Blood Type A (IA i).
Genotype of Parents: IB IB & IA i
Genotype of offspring: 2 IA IB, 2 IB i
Phenotype of offspring: 2 Type AB, 2 Type B
Probability of Type A: 0/4 or 0% chance
Probability of Type B: 2/4 or 50% chance
Probability of Type AB: 2/4 or 50% chance
Probability of Type O: 0/4 or 0% chance

12. 30. A person heterozygous for Blood Type A (IA i) has a child with a person with Blood Type O ( i i ).
Genotype of Parents: IA I & i i
Genotype of offspring: 2 IA i, 2 i i
Phenotype of offspring: 2 Type A, 2 Type O
Probability of Type A: 2/4 or 50% chance
Probability of Type B: 0/4 or 0% chance
Probability of Type AB: 0/4 or 0% chance
Probability of Type O: 2/4 or 50% chance

13. Genotype of Parents: XB Xb & XB Y
31. Colorblindness is caused by a recessive X-linked. A normal vision carrier female (XB Xb) has a child with a normal vision male (XB Y).
Genotype of Parents: XB Xb & XB Y
Genotype of offspring: 1 XB XB , 1 XBXb, 1 XB Y, 1 XbY
Phenotype of offspring: 2 Normal Female (1 normal, 1 carrier), 1 Normal male, 1 Colorblind Male
Probability of Normal Female: 2/4 or 50% chance
Probability of Colorblind Female: 0/4 or 0% chance
Probability of Normal Male: 1/4 or 25% chance
Probability of Colorblind Male: 1/4 or 25% chance

14. Genotype of Parents: XH Xh & Xh Y
32. Hemophilia is caused by a recessive X-linked gene. A carrier female (XH Xh) has a child with a male who has hemophilia (Xh Y).
Genotype of Parents: XH Xh & Xh Y
Genotype of offspring: 1 XH Xh , 1 XhXh, 1 XH Y, 1 XhY
Phenotype of offspring:
1 unaffected female (a carrier), 1 female w/ hemophilia, 1 unaffected male, 1 Male w/ hemophilia
Probability of unaffected Female: 1/4 or 25% chance
Probability of Female w hemophilia: 1/4 or 25% chance
Probability of unaffected Male: 1/4 or 25% chance
Probability of Male w hemophilia: 1/4 or 25% chance

15. Purple flower, Tall pea plant genotype: Ff Rr (FR, Fr, fR, fr)
12e. In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to white. In the gene for seed shape, round is dominant to wrinkled. Suppose a plant heterozygous for both traits is crossed with a white flowered, wrinkeld pea plant.
Purple flower, Tall pea plant genotype: Ff Rr (FR, Fr, fR, fr)
White flower, Short pea plant : ff rr (fr, fr, fr, fr)
Genotypes of offspring: 4 Ff Rr, 4 Ff rr, 4 ff Rr, 4 ff rr
Phenotypes of offspring:
4 Purple flower & Round, 4 Purple flower & Wrinkled
4 white flower & Round, 4 white flower & Wrinkled
Genotypic Ratio: 4:4:4:4
Phenotypic Ratio: 4:4:4:4
Probability of a Purple flower, Round plant: 4/16 or 25%
Probability of a Purple flower, Wrinkled plant: 4/16 or 25%
Probability of a White flower, Round plant: 4/16 or 25%
Probability of a White flower, Wrinkled plant: 4/16 or 25%