1. Reproduction of Plants
Propagation

2. Sexual and Asexual Asexual Sexual No seeds Leaf, stem, or root
Union of pollen and egg
Pollination
Fertilization
Pollen tube, male gametes unite with egg cell to form zygote

3. Pollination Transfer of pollen Pollen grains Self – pollination
Pores where pollen tubes grow
Self – pollination
Cross – pollination
Wind or animal

5. Gymnosperms “Naked seeds” Conifers or Cone – bearers
Pollen cones or seed cones
Seed cones are larger
Pollination occurs in late spring
Seed cones stand up on tips of branches and open slightly
Ovule produces sticky liquid that pollen gets trapped in
Pollination complete seed cone turns upside down

6. Angiosperm Flowering plants Annual or perennials
Ovules develop in ovary
Fertilization
Pollen lands on stigma
Pollen tube to enter style
Enters ovary and sperm is released in ovule

7. Parts of the Seed Hypocotyl Radicle Epicotyl Cotyledons (seed leaves)
Connection b/w cotyledon and radicle
Radicle
Hypocotyl and embryonic root
Epicotyl
Shoot – stems and leaves
Cotyledons (seed leaves)
Endosperm
Stores plant food
Seed coat
Outer covering protects embryo

9. Seed Dispersal Ovules develop inside of an ovary
Fleshy part nutritious for animals
Hooks, spines, or parachutes
Large number of seeds

10. Seed Germination
Time between seed is planted, its development until it is self – supporting
Begin once planted or lay dormant
Physical or chemical reactions
Nutrients inside seed

11. During Germination Embryo swells to burst through the seed coat
Radicle (10 root)
Grows downward
Hypocotyl
connected to cotyledons and radicle
Arches and pushes up through soil
Arch emerges the hypocotyl straightens
Cotyledons and epicotyl are pulled out of the soil

13. Primary leaves unfold and stem elongates
Primary leaves/true leaves completely emerge
Cotyledons fall off
Photosynthesis begins

15. Improving Chances of Germination
Seeds are primed or enhanced
Stimulate growth hormones in various solutions
Loam, pH, nutrients, and drainage
Scarification
Soaking seeds prior to planting

16. Plant Growth Regulated by hormones Stimulate or restrict growth
Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, inhibitors

17. Plant Hormones Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins
Accelerates the growth in stem and leaf
Gibberellins
Stimulate growth in stem and leaf
Cytokinins
Stimulates cell division works with auxins
Inhibitors prevent germination or stem growth
Stimulate fruit ripening by emitting ethylene gas

18. Other factors Apical dominance Terminal bud secretes hormones
Inhibit lateral buds on same shoot
Once plant reaches flowering stage bud becomes flower

19. Rooting Hormones Cuttings Root – promoting hormones
Indoleacetic acid (IAA), natural
Other forms of this rooting compound used commercially