1. Endocrine System

2. Function Maintain Homeostasis (Balance) Example of Imbalance?
Communicates and coordinates physiological responses
Example of Imbalance?

3. Hormones Chemical messengers How do hormones travel?
Stimulate physiological responses in other cells
Target Cells
How do hormones travel?

4. Hormone Production and Distribution
Endocrine Glands
Gland: an organ specialized to produce secretions
Distribution
Relies on blood circulatory system
How does this compare to nervous system?

5. Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Pancreas
Adrenal
Gonads

6. Hypothalamus Location- Base of brain case
Functions- Regulation of Primitive or Basal activities such as sex drive and water balance
9 hormones-
7 act on anterior lobe of pituitary gland (Tropic)
2 stored in posterior lobe

7. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
What type of vessels comprise a portal system?
What is unique about a portal system?

8. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and tract
Location-
Pituitary Stalk (Infundibulum)
Link the hypothalmus to the pituitary gland
Portal- Capillary beds connect to anterior lobe
Tract- Neurons connect to posterior lobe

9. Pituitary gland Location- Sphenoid bone of the skull Anterior Lobe
Produces Six hormones that Regulate
Reproduction
Growth
Activity of the Thyroid Gland
Posterior Lobe
No hormone production only storage of hypothalamic hormones

10. Thyroid Largest endocrine gland
Location- Wrapped around anterior and lateral sides of Trachea, just below Larynx
Hormone- Thyroid Hormone
Function- Increases Metabolic Rate

11. Parathroid Glands
Location- Four glands imbedded on posterior surface of Thyroid
Hormone- Parathyroid Hormone
Function- Calcium Regulation

12. Adrenal Glands Cortex Medulla
Location- 2 glands one superior to each Kidney.
Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa: Outer layer
Zona Fasciculata: Middle Layer
Zona Reticularis- Inner Layer
Medulla

13. Adrenal Glands
Medulla- (Fight or Flight Response) Epinepherine and Norepinephrine
Cortex-
Zona Glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids- Regulate Kidney Na+ and K+ excretion
Zona Fasiculata
Glucocorticoids- Stress and immune supression
Zona Reticulata-
Sex steroids- androgens precursor to sex hormones

14. Pancreas Location- Inferior and posterior to Stomach Pancreatic Islets
Clusters of endocrine cells
Function- Glucose Regulation

15. Gonads Male- Testes Female- Ovary
Secrete Androgens such as Testosterone
Female- Ovary
Secrete Estrogen and Progesterone

16. Homeostatic Control Metabolic Rate Growth Hormone Blood Glucose Levels
Blood Calcium Levels
Water Retention
Stress

17. Metabolic Rate Gland Hormones Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Stimulatory Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

18. Interactions between Metabolic Hormones
T4 & T3

19. Metabolic Rate
Hormones released in response to a decrease in T3 blood levels
Affects: All cells in the body except brain, spleen, testes, uterus and the thyroid gland
Results: Increase in basal metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and heat production

20. Disorders Hypothyroidism (Creatinism) Goiter
Children: mental retardation, development abnormalities
Adults: lethargy, obesity
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism (Graves’ Disease)
Weight loss, sweating, nervousness, sleeplessness
Goiter
-----a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency

21. Growth Gland- Pituitary Gland Hormone- Effects
Growth Hormone: increases mitosis and cellular differentiation.
Secreted in response to Sleep, Trauma, Exercise, High protein meals, and Low blood sugar
Effects
Directly: Liver
Indirectly: Bone, Muscle, and Cartilage

22. Disorders Pituitary Dwarfism- Insufficient secretion of Growth Hormone
Gigantism- Over-secretion of Growth Hormone

23. Blood Glucose Levels Gland- Pancreas Hormones
Insulin- increases uptake of glucose by cells
Glucagon- increases release of glucose by cells and increases liver glucose production
Released in response to…
Insulin: high blood glucose levels
Glucagon: low blood glucose levels
Effects-
Systemic
Liver

24. Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus- Disruption of Metabolism due to lack of insulin or lack of response to insulin.
Symptoms- Excessive Urine, Intense Thirst, and Ravenous Hunger
Type I- (Juvenile of Insulin Dependant) Destruction of Insulin Producing Cells
Type II- (Adult or Noninsulin Dependant) Target cells resistant to Insulin

25. Blood Calcium Levels Gland- Parathyroid Hormone- Parathyroid hormone
Released in response to low calcium levels
Effects
Kidneys- Retain Calcium
Bones- Release Calcium

26. Disorders Hyper- or Hypo-parathyroidism
Hyper-parathyroidism: Over Secretion
Soft, Fragile Bones
Kidney stones
Hypo-parathyroidism: Under Secretion
Rapid Decline of Blood Calcium
Fatal

27. Water Retention Gland- Hypothalamus Hormone- ADH Effects?
Stored and released by posterior pituitary
Hormone- ADH
Released in response to Dehydration and High Osmolarity (thickening) of blood
Effects?

28. Disorders????

29. Stress
Gland- Adrenal Cortex
Hormones
Glucocorticoids
Effect- Systemic

30. Disorders Cushing Syndrome Cause: Excess Glucocorticoids
Disrupts Protein and Fat Metabolism
Symptom is abnormal fat deposits, fatigue and exhaustion

31. Cushing Syndrome (cont.)
After Surgery