1. Review for Essays

2. In an essay, you are to write complete sentences and paragraphs, not draw diagrams.
1. Start with a condition, for example low Blood Sugar.
Then tell what gland responds, the hormone it makes
and how that corrects the situation.
Then explain the opposite condition (High Blood
Sugar), the gland that responds, the hormone IT makes, and how that corrects the opposite situation.

3. If a question has two parts lettered A and B as in
a. In times of normal food availability
b. In times of fasting or starvation
You need to answer them in separate paragraphs labeled A and B respectively.
Your goal is to get at least 6 points for each essay.
But there are many more point-statements than 6!
Lets look at how this works for essay question number one. The green & blue numbers mark point-getting statements: (sometimes as many as 13 ways to score).

4. Explain how the body regulates blood sugar concentration
a. In times of normal food availability 1
An increase in blood sugar stimulates Insulin production by the Islets of Langerhans. Insulin causes the liver to store the excess sugar as glycogen. This reduces blood sugar. 2 3 4 5
A decrease in blood sugar stimulates Glucagon production by the Islets of Langerhans. Glucagon causes the liver to release the stored sugar back into the blood. This increases blood sugar. 6
b. In times of fasting or starvation 7
A big decrease in blood sugar stimulates the hypothalamus
to make CRH which causes the Pituitary to release ACTH. 8 9 10 11 12
ACTH stimulates Cortisol production by the Adrenal Cortex 13
Cortisol causes fats & Proteins to be turned into blood sugar.

5. In response to low BP the Kidney makes Renin 3 4
Explain how the kidney regulates blood pressure. Include all the glands, hormones, target tissues, and responses involved. 1 2
In response to low BP the Kidney makes Renin 3 4
Renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 5
Angiotensin 1 becomes Angiotensin 2
Angiotensin 2 6 8
Causes Adrenal Cortex to make Aldosterone
Causes vasoconstriction to raise BP 7
Aldosterone causes Kidney to retain Na and H2O, and excrete K 9
This restores BP 10

6. High blood Ca+ causes the Thyroid to make Calcitonin 3
Explain how the body maintains blood calcium levels. Include all the glands, hormones, target tissues, and responses involved. 1 2
High blood Ca+ causes the Thyroid to make Calcitonin 3
which causes Bone to absorb blood calcium and Kidney to excrete Ca+ 4 5 6
Low Ca+ causes Parathyroid to make PTH 7
which causes Bones to release blood calcium, and Kidney to retain Ca+ 8 9
PTH also activates Vitamin D which causes intestines to absorb Ca+ 10

7. Describe the 28 day female reproductive cycle
Describe the 28 day female reproductive cycle. Include all the glands, hormones, target tissues, and responses involved. 1 2
After puberty GnRH made by the hypothalamus stimulates the
pituitary to make FSH. 3 4 5
FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to develop. 6
When one of the follicles is ripe it secretes Estrogen, which
stops mensus and causes the endometrium to thicken. 7 8
Estrogen also stimulates the pituitary to secrete LH. 9
LH causes ovulation and the empty follicle to become a
Corpus Luteum which then secretes Progesterone. 10 11 12
Progesterone maintains the endometrium until about the 28th
day of the cycle when mensus begins again, and GnRH made by
the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to make FSH again.