1. Chapter 7 Skeletal System
*You may want to attach paper to your study guide for further room for writing

2. Aids to Understanding Words
Complete the Aids to Understanding Words
You may just write what is in the parentheses
You may also want to write “key words” or “clues”

3. Living Tissues of Bone Bone tissue Cartilage Dense connective tissue
Blood
Nervous tissue

4. Classifying Bones by Their Shape
Long bones – long longitudinal axes, expanded at each end
Thigh bones, forearms
Short bones – cubelike, lengths/widths equal
Wrists, ankles
Flat bones - platelike, broad surfaces
Ribs, scapula, bones of skull

5. Classifying Bones
Irregular bones – variety of shapes, usually connected to other bones
Vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid (round) bones – small and nodular, embedded within tendons (muscle to bone), adjacent to joints
Kneecap (patella)

6. Parts of a Long Bone
Use the worksheet provided to label these parts AND write their functions (p.132 Fig.7.1)
Epiphysis (proximal and distal)
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Medullary Cavity
Red Marrow (spaces) *see sheet
Yellow Marrow *see sheet

7. Bone Structure and Function
Bones have projections called “processes” that provide attachment sites for ligaments and tendons
Some bones have small holes to allow passage of blood vessels and nerve fibers
Shape of bones helps them to fit together

8. Periosteum Vascular, fibrous tissue covering the bone
Function – formation and repair of bone tissue
Generally located on the diaphysis (shaft)

9. Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone
continuous matrix with no gaps
typically form outer walls of long bones
Spongy
branching bony plates
irregular connecting spaces
lace-like appearance
found in hollow tube of compact bone (long bone)

10. Osteocytes Osteocytes – bone cells Found in lacunae (bony chambers)
Form concentric circles around the central canal
Look at page 108 to refresh your memory
*cellular matrix of bone is composed of collagen (resilience) and calcium phosphate (hardness)

11. Flashcard Time!
Use the notecards provided to make flashcards for the following:
Long bones *
Short bones *
Flat bones *
Irregular bones *
Sesamoid bones *
*also list examples with the description

12. Flashcards Continued! Epiphysis Diaphysis Compact bone Spongy bone
Medullary cavity
Worth 10 points - due by the end of class!

13. Bone Development/Growth: Intramembranous Bone
Broad, flat bones of skull - form during first weeks of embryonic development
Membrane-like layers appear at future bone sites
Tissues enlarge to form osteoblasts
Osteoblasts deposit bony matrix  spongy bone  periosteum  compact bone (between periostem and spongy)
Ossification – formation of bone

14. Bone Development/Growth: Endochondral Bones
Most of the bones of the body – develop in fetus from masses of hyaline cartilage
Models of cartilage grow rapidly and then begin to change
Long bones - cartilage breaks down and disappears
Periosteum forms  encircles diaphysis  blood vessels and osteoblasts form spongy bone

15. Ossification of Endochondral Bones
Primary Ossification Center (diaphysis)
first region of bone formation, development proceeds to ends of bone
Secondary Ossification Center (epiphysis)
Spongy bone forms in all directions
Epiphyseal plate (cartilage) remains between centers

16. Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal plate contains dividing cells that lengthen the bone
When the centers meet and the plate ossifies – lengthening is no longer possible
Look at page 134, Fig. 7.5
What happens if the plate is damaged before it ossifies?

17. Ossification Complete when adult size is reached
Homeostasis of bone tissue
Life long process of bone remodeling
Osteoclasts (cells that erode bone) reabsorb bone matrix
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) replace bone matrix
Hormones that control blood calcium help control the resorption and deposition (3-5% exchanged of bone calcium exchanged each year)

18. How is a fracture healed? Pages 136 - 137
Blood vessels rupture, and periosteum tears
Blood spreads and develops a hematoma (blood clot)
Vessels in surrounding tissues dilate – causing swelling and inflammation
Osteoblasts and new blood vessles invade the hematoma and form spongy bone

19. Fracture Healing ( continued)
Fibroblasts farther from a blood supply produce masses of fibrocartilage
Phagocytes and osteoclasts remove the hematoma and other bone debris
Fibrocartilage fills the gap between the ends of the broken bone
The cartilaginous callus is replaced by bone tissue
Phew! Smaller the fracture, faster the healing.

20. Factors Affecting Bone Growth/Development
Nutrition
Vitamin D for proper absorption of Calcium
Hormonal secretions
Growth hormones stimulate cell division
Sex hormones stimulate ossification of ephiphyseal plates (Why sex hormones?)
Physical exercise
Provides stress needed to thicken and strengthen bones

21. Book Work! Page 171, Chapter Assessments #s 1-8
Save this paper! You will be adding to it!!!

22. Bones that Provide Support
Lower limbs
Pelvis
Backbone
All of these support the weight of the body

23. What bones protect viscera?
*Viscera – organs in body cavities
Skull – protect eyes, ears, brain
Rib cage and shoulder – protect heart and lungs
Pelvic girdle – protects lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs

24. Body Movement Bones move because muscles contract and pull on the bone
Movement is produced when bones and muscles interact as levers (4 parts)
Rigid bar
Pivot (bar turns)
Object moved against resistance
Force that supplies energy to move the bar
*Figure 7.7, page 138

25. Blood Cell Formation Embryo Infant Adult
Yolk sac is initial site of blood cell formation
Formed in liver and spleen
Infant
Red marrow in cavities of most bones
Adult
Red marrow in spongy bone of skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones
*refer back to marrow handout

26. Yellow Marrow vs. Red Marrow
Stores fat
Plays no role in blood formation
Can be converted to red marrow if need for blood cells increases
Red
Primary marrow in infants
Produces blood cells: red, white, platelets
Color comes from oxygenated pigment hemoglobin

27. Storage of Inorganic Salts
Major salt stored in bones
Calcium phosphate
Other salts/metals stored
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Lead

28. Movement of Calcium
Parathyroid gland responds to low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue to release calcium
When calcium levels rise, calcitonin from the thyroid gland stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue to store excess calcium

29. Book Work! Page 171, Chapter Assessments #s 9-10
ADD THIS TO YOUR SHEET FROM YESTERDAY!!!!
Due Thursday! Worth 20 Points

30. How much do you already know?
Pop Quiz!
Don’t stress – this is not a grade….yet! 
Close your books!!!!
Fill in everything you can on the blank skeleton worksheet – no talking, no books

31. Skeletal Organization
Axial Skeleton – bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect organs of the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular Skeleton – bones of upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton

32. Skeletal Organization (continued)
Axial Skeleton Bones
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Appendicular Skeleton Bones
Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

33. Skull – Cranial Bones
Use page 141, table 7.1 answer questions 1-3 from 7.6 Part A
With a partner, locate the following cranial bones
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
*bones not visible are the ethmoid and sphenoid bones

34. Skull – Facial Bones With a partner, locate the following facial bones
Maxilla
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
Mandible

35. Skull (continued)
The mandible is the only facial bone that is movable.
Infant skull
Incompletely developed at birth
Permits some movement of bones of skull – why?
Adult skull
Joints in adult skull are immovable
Skull is rigid box for brain to sit in

36. Worksheet Time!
Complete Diagrams A, B, and C by labeling the bones listed, as well as the structures indicated by leader lines
Due Tomorrow during class – you will have the remainder of class today, as well as the first 15 minutes of class tomorrow.

37. Vertebral Column
Function – supports the head and trunk of the body, protects spinal cord
Invertebral Disks – masses of fibrocartilage that separate vertebrae

38. Not on Study Guide – But Important
2 Important Cervical Vertebrae:
Atlas – supports the head
Axis – atlas pivots on its process (projection)

39. Thoracic Vertebrae Larger than cervical vertebrae
Support weight of trunk
Facets on the sides of vertebral body that articulate with or “join with” ribs

40. Lumbar Vertebrae
Largest of the vertebrae
Heaviest load to bear

41. Sacrum and Coccyx
Sacrum – fused vertebrae that form the posterior wall of pelvic girdle (base of the vertebral column)
Coccyx – (tailbone) four fused vertebrae that are the lowest part of vertebral column

42. Thoracic Cage
Bones of thoracic cage – 12 pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum
True Ribs – 7 pairs, articulate (join) with both the thoracic vertebrae and sternum
False ribs – cartilage of 3 pairs articulate with thoracic vertebrae and cartilage of 7th rib
Last 2 pairs of false ribs do not connect to sternum (floating ribs)

43. Sternum Manubrium – articulates with clavicles Body – bulk of sternum
Xiphoid Process – lower part of sternum, used for identifying hand placement for CPR

44. Labeling!
With your skeleton partner, label the bones of the axial skeleton on your model

45. Pectoral Girdle
Two clavicles and two scapula that form incomplete ring
Function - supports upper limbs and serves as attachments for several muscles that move them

46. Upper Limbs Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Locate them on your body

47. Part B – Label These Parts Only
Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals Scaphoid Lunate Radius Ulna Proximal Phalanx Middle Phalanx Distal Phalanx