2. What are the negative consequences associated with food deserts?

4. Models of Urban Systems
Rank-Size Rule
Primate City
Classic Models
Concentric Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
World-regional Models
Latin American City
African City
Southeast Asian City
Islamic City

5. Rank-Size Rule
Relatively developed societies produce a ranking in the hierarchy of their cities according to a mathematical formula
The nth largest settlement in a region is 1/n the population of the largest settlement in the region
Felix Auerbach (1913) suggested
George Zipf (1941) created formula
Zipf’s Law
Generally applies more to MDCs than LDCs

6. United States 2010 Population NYC LA Chicago Houston Philadelphia
8,310,212 LA
3,792,621
Chicago
2,695,598
Houston
2,099,451
Philadelphia
1,526,006
Phoenix
1,445,632
San Antonio
1,327,407
San Diego
1,307,402
Dallas
1,197,816
San Jose
945,942

7. Germany 2010 Population Berlin Hamburg Munich Cologne Frankfurt
3,275,000
Hamburg
1,686,100
Munich
1,185,400
Cologne
965,300
Frankfurt
648,000

8. Urban Primacy
In less developed countries/regions (not always), the largest city is overly populated.
These large cities are known as primate cities
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Often located in former colonial cities that were the center of economics/politics
Also located in countries that have (or had) strong monarchies
Binary Distribution: when there are two very large cities of almost equal population within the same region
India: Mumbai & Delhi

9. Primate Cities Mexico City, Mexico London, UK Jakarta, Indonesia
2nd Largest City
Mexico City, Mexico
8,605,239
London, UK
8,174,100
Jakarta, Indonesia
8,540,121
Mogadishu, Somalia
2,587, 183
Ulan Bator, Mongolia
844,818
Guadalajara
1,646,183
Birmingham
1,074,300
Surabaya
2,374,658
Hargeysa
477,876
Erdenet
79,647

10. Internal City Structure
NORTH AMERICAN MODELS
Concentric Zone - Burgess
Sector Model – Hoyt
Multiple Nuclei - Harris and Ullman

11. Functional zonation
The division of a city into different regions or zones (residential, industrial, etc.) for certain purposes or functions (housing, manufacturing, etc.)
This is the idea that we have certain areas of a larger city that play certain roles in the city’s life
House people
Produce goods
Educate students
Governmental administration

12. Concentric Zone E.W. Burgess 1923 Based on Chicago 5 rings
Concentric Zone = Burgess Model
1923
Based on Chicago
5 rings
CBD: nonresidential activities
Can be subdivided into other sub districts (theater, retail, government, etc.)
Zone in Transition (ZIT): Industry & lower-income housing
Working-class homes
Zone of middle-class homes
Commuter zone
As areas expand, zones will overflow into subsequent zones (invasion) causing current residents to move further away (succession)

14. Sector Model Homer Hoyt 1939
Response to the limitations of the Burgess model
Impact of transportation routes: roads, canals, railroads
City develops in sectors, not rings
Industry will develop along good transportation lines
Similar land uses and socioeconomic groups will clump together.
New housing develops on the outer edges of a sector
Creating a cone (wedge, sector, slice of a pie)

16. Multiple Nuclei Harris and Ullman 1945 CBD losing its dominance
Multiple centers (polycentric) emerge around various activities
Ports
Universities
Airports
Parks
Suburban businesses
These centers might attract other activities
Universities might attract activities that are beneficial to higher education & students
Bookstores, fast food, etc.
Airports might attract hotels, etc.
More complex than concentric zone or sector
Source: Livinston Schools APHG teacher

18. Similarities Accessibility is important Distance decay is applicable
CBD is most accessible \ more competition \higher land values
Distance decay is applicable
Land value & population decrease with distance
Ignore the influence of skyscrapers (or other high-rise buildings) on urban land use
Separated residential areas
Due to socioeconomic status (SES)
Source: Livinston Schools APHG teacher

19. Criticisms Ignores the importance of high-rises
There are not clearly defined boundaries between zones
Don’t display the impact of terrain (physical) or government policy
Urban re-development
Don’t account for gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low- income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner- occupied area.
Don’t apply outside of North America
Source: Livinston Schools APHG teacher

20. Galactic City or Peripheral Model
-Design based on urban sprawl and car based living.
-CBD has been decentralized: Sprawl allows many services to locate on edge settlements. EX) Summit Mall
-Low-income residents live near industrial areas and highways

21. Models outside of North America

22. European Cities
In contrast to U.S. cities, wealthy Europeans still live in inner rings of the upper-class sector
Not just in the suburbs
Europeans cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD
Often away from factories, on higher elevations
Before electricity social segregation was vertical
Meaning poor people lived in the basements or attics of buildings
Today lower income families live outside the inner-city
Mainly outskirts

23. Latin America A.K.A. Griffin-Ford Model 1980 CBD Housing
Traditional market sector
Modern high-rise sector
Commercial Spine
Extends from CBD, surrounded by elite residential housing
End of “Spine” is “mall” a small edge city
Housing
Elite residential surrounds commercial areas
Higher income housing closer to CBD
Squatter settlements develop in outer rings
Socioeconomic Status decreases as distance increases from city center

25. SE Asia
T.G. McGee
1967
Wealth starts in core and moves out. Periphery become more and more low-income (Squatter).
Port
Central part of the city
No CBD
Broken into areas surround port (government zone, etc.)
“Alien Commercial Zone”
Dominated by the Chinese
Often has smaller zones within other larger zones

27. Sub-Saharan Africa Less urbanized, but fastest growing urban areas
Colonialism played a big role in the development of cities
Kinshasa (DRC)
Nairobi (Kenya)
CBD
3 CBDs
Colonial (former)
Market zone
Traditional CBD
Residential
Often along ethnic lines

30. Islamic City Climate Religion Other characteristics
Light-colored surface
Buildings designed to catch rainwater
Twisting streets to maximize shade
Religion
Mosque at the center of the city, main focal point
Promote privacy
Smaller windows
Cul-de-sacs/dead-end streets limit foot traffic in residential areas
Other characteristics
Open-air markets