1. Makala: the necessary evil
Jan Willem den Besten, IUCN-NL

2. Contents Charcoal: filling a need Charcoal: the issues
African forests landscapes: from not doing bad to creating net-positive impacts
Integrated approaches
Technical
Governance
Financial
Case: GIZ’s work on sustainable charcoal and “energy forests”

3. Wood and Charcoal: filling a need
Wood fuel meets around a tenth of the world’s energy demand
In some developing countries more than 90% of the people rely on fuelwood, charcoal and crop residues for cooking and heating.
760 Million Sub-Saharan Africa rely on firewood and charcoal as their primary source of energy for cooking, heating and other uses.
In 2007 charcoal was a US$8-billion industry, employing more than 7 million people in the sub-region (World Bank)
Sector grows with 3% annually (FAO), number of users will rise to 2.7 Billion by 2030

4. Over-arching issues of domestic fuel wood and charcoal
Contributes to degradation and loss of natural forests, biodiversity, soils
Serious health and gender safety problems
Major contributor to GHG emissions
Often linked to illegal networks and practices
Link with food security
Sustainable production is not prioritised by donors, governments and food programs

5. Moving towards net-positive impact: potentials of landscape restoration
Climate change mitigation
Climate change adaptation
Biodiversity protection
Maintain productivity
Broader Sustainable Development benefits
Provisioning of water, food and energy
Soil health and mineral cycles
Poverty reduction
Clarification of land use issues

6. Need for integrated approach
Technical
Landscape governance
Economic and financial

7. Technical – production and cooking
Clean cook stoves
Sustainable production of charcoal
Alternatives for charcoal: pellets
Community plantations
Engage/ set up local SMEs

8. Integrated Landscape Governance
Complementary strategies: forest protection, sustainable management restoration; sustainable production
Work with all relevant economic sectors
Inclusive solutions; rights of indigenous peoples and local communities
Government legislation and use planning
Law enforcement
Monitoring and transparency
Engage actors along the value chain

9. Economic and financial
Woodlots: Commercial plantations and/ or reforestation with natural species
Building the business case; need for public and private sources
Payments for social, climatic, environmental and health impacts
Certification of agro(-forestry) commodities; landscape standards
Stoves: Linking payback of loans for stoves to maintenance schedules and monitoring of use
Landscape investment plans
Investments in enabling environments

10. Case: GIZ Energy forests - Fuel Wood through Forest and Landscape Restoration
Sustainable charcoal value chain
Innovative kiln and stove technology
Afforestation by smallholders trained in forest planting and management
Granting of long-term land and use rights
Government makes ’waste land available’
Small rural businesses with market share and traceability
Improvements in the political and legal framework

11. THANKS