1. China between Wars

2. Rival Groups Fight for Power
After WWI, China was in disorder and Sun Yat-sen stepped down leaving rival groups fighting for power.
Communists – The Chinese Communist party is formed, influenced by the ideas of Marx and Lenin
Nationalists – Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) takes over control of the Nationalist party

3. Civil War
At first, the Nationalists and Communists had worked together to unite China.
Over time however, they would become enemies and a civil war developed that lasted for 22 years.
Nationalists VS Communists

4. The Long March
Mao Zedong emerged as the leader of the communists in the 1930’s
Mao led his followers, roughly 100,000, away from Nationalist forces in 1934 in what is known as the Long March.
Only about 20,000 people survived and settled in northern China where they would regroup and organize

5. Mao on the Long March

6. Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong

7. World War II
During World War II, the Civil War would cease in order to fight Japanese forces.
Both the Communists (who received military aid from the United States) and the Nationalists fought against the Japanese invasion
After WWII, the Civil War continued

8. Japan in the 1920’s and 1930’s

9. Empire of the Rising Sun5
Empire of the Rising Sun
How did liberal changes affect Japan during the 1920s?
How did nationalists react to Japan’s problems during the Great Depression?
How did the militarists use their power?

10. Liberal Changes of the 1920s5
During the 1920s, Japan moved toward greater democracy:
Political parties grew stronger.
All adult men won the right to vote.
Japan signed agreement with western powers to limit the size of its navy.
The government reduced military spending.

11. Serious Problems 5
Behind the seeming well-being, Japan faced some grave problems.
The economy grew more slowly in the 1920s than at any time since Japan modernized.
Rural peasants enjoyed none of the prosperity of city dwellers.
Factory workers earning low wages were attracted to the socialist ideas of Marx and Lenin.
Members of the younger generation were in revolt against tradition.
Tension between the government and the military simmered below the surface.

12. The Nationalist Reaction5
In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force.
Economic disaster fed the discontent of the leading military officials and ultranationalists, or extreme nationalists. They condemned politicians for agreeing to western demands to stop overseas expansion.
Japanese nationalists were further outraged by racial policies in the United States, Canada, and Australia that shut out Japanese immigrants.
As the economic crisis worsened, nationalists demanded renewed expansion.
In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that would provide an excuse to seize Manchuria from China.
Japanese army officers set explosives and blew up tracks on a Japanese owned RR line in Manchuria. Then, they blamed the Chinese and attacked Chinese forces. WITHOUT consulting their own government, the Japanese military forces conquered all of Manchuria and set up a puppet state. When the League of Nations condemned the Japanese aggression against China, the Japanese simply withdrew from the League. Public opinion sided with the military.

13. How Did Militarists Use Their Power?5
By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against western powers.
Civilian government survived, but by 1937 it had been forced to accept military domination. To please the ultranationalists, it:
cracked down on socialists
ended most democratic freedoms
revived ancient warrior values
built a cult around the emperor
focused on spreading the nationalist message in schools
renewed efforts at expansion
Cult: an extreme or excessive admiration for a person

14. Japanese Invasion 4
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, adding it to the growing Japanese empire.
In 1937, Japanese troops attacked again, overrunning eastern China, including Beijing and Guangzhou.
Japanese troops marched into Nanjing.
After the city’s surrender, the Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians in what came to be known as the “Rape of Nanjing.”

15. Rape of Nanjing 4
Referring to dictators, Mr. Churchill said : “You see these Dictators on their pedestals, surrounded by the bayonets of their soldiers and the truncheons of their police on all sides. They are guarded by masses of armed men, cannons, airplanes and fortifications- they boast and vaunt themselves before the world. Yet in their hearts there is an unspoken fear. They are afraid of words and thoughts-the words spoken abroad and the thoughts stirring at home.”
The Dictator, in Churchill’s opinion, was all strong without and all weak within. Dictatorship, he concluded, was a passing phase that could not long endure if it was brought into contact with the healthy world outside. “The China Weekly Review” Life’s End for Japanese and Chinese Alike October 22, 1938

16. Japan’s Expanding Empire to 19345
Japan’s Expanding Empire to 1934
What territories did Japan add by 1918?
What territories did Japan add by 1934?
Why was Japan interested in expanding its empire?