1. Whip Around What is your favorite physical characteristic on a person?
E.g. smile, hair, height, style of clothing, etc.
Think about this question and be prepared to share aloud.

2. Chapter 5 Connecting through Nonverbal Communication
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4. What Is Nonverbal Communication?
Behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects—whether intended or not—that communicate messages with social meaning are known as nonverbal communication.
We have a tendency to take nonverbal communication for granted.
We spend more of our time communicating nonverbally than verbally.
We often make our daily decisions based on our nonverbal communication.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication occurs constantly
Nonverbal communication depends on context
Nonverbal communication is a primary means of expression
Nonverbal communication is more believable
Nonverbal communication is related to culture
Nonverbal communication is ambiguous
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Things You Should Know about Nonverbal Communication
Carries most of the meaning of the message, particularly feelings and attitudes toward others.
Is a frequent source of misunderstandings.
Is not governed by a set of universal rules.
Is multi-channeled, complicated, and ever-changing.
Is bound to context and culture.
Is more likely than verbal communication to be spontaneous and unintentional.
Is powerful and more believable than verbal communication.
Is learned (not always consciously).
Is critical in relationship initiation, development, and termination.
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7. Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Complementing
Completes, describes, or accents a verbal message.
Repeating
Expresses a message identical to the verbal one.
Regulating
Controls the flow of communication.
Substituting
Replaces a verbal message with nonverbal signals to exchange thoughts.
Deceiving
Nonverbal cues that purposely disguise or mislead to create a false impression.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Complementing Verbal Behavior
The use of nonverbal cues to compete, describe, or accent verbal cues is called complementing.
We use complementary nonverbal cues to accent verbal behavior by emphasizing or punctuating our spoken words.
Repeating Verbal Behavior
Repeating is the use of nonverbal cues to convey the same meaning as the verbal message.

9. Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Regulating Verbal Behavior
Nonverbal cues can also be used to control the flow of communication, known as regulating.
Senders might not realize they are sending regulating cues, but receivers are usually aware of them.
Substituting for Verbal Behavior
Substituting is the use of nonverbal cues in place of oral messages when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate.
Emojis serve as substitutes for oral communication.

10. Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Deceiving
Purposefully misleading others by using nonverbal cues to create false impressions or to convey incorrect information is deceiving.
Lying cannot be confirmed on the basis of nonverbal behaviors alone.

11. Table 5.1: Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Category
Characteristic
Example
Complementing
Completes, describes, or accents a verbal message
A person needs help immediately, so he yells as loudly as possible.
Repeating
Expresses a message identical to the verbal one
A person says “yes” and nods her head up and down.
Regulating
Controls flow of communication
A person nods his head as a way of communicating, “I am interested in what you are saying,” implying “tell me more.”
Substituting
Replaces a verbal message with nonverbal signs to exchange thoughts
Two people use hand signals to communicate, because the environment is too loud to hear each other’s voices.
Deceiving
Nonverbal cues that purposefully disguise or mislead to create a false impression
A doctor examining a patient discovers a serious problem, but the doctor’s facial expressions remain neutral so as not to alarm the patient.

12. Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous
Nonverbal behavior can have many possible meanings
Impossible to be certain which interpretation is correct
Courtship and sexuality
Some people have more difficulty decoding nonverbal signals
Perception checking can be a useful tool

13. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Facial expression, body movement
Physical characteristics
Touch
Space
Time
Paralanguage
Silence
Artifacts
Environment

14. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Facial Expressions and Body Movements
Kinesics
Oculesics
Eye behavior
Facial expressions
Facial management techniques
Intensifying—exaggeration of reactions to others’ expectations
Deintensifying—understatement of reactions to meet others’ expectations
Neutralizing—avoidance of any emotional expression in a situation
Masking—replacement of one expression with another considered more appropriate
Facial Management Techniques
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15. Facial Expression Styles
The withholder
Little facial movement
The revealer
Constantly shows others how they feel
The unwitting expressor
Limited number of expressions the speaker thought were masked but in actuality were not
Blanked expressor
We see a blank face, but person thinks an emotion is being displayed
Substitute expressor
Show other facial expression than the real emotion felt
Frozen-affect expressor
Part of an emotion displayed at all times

17. Categories of Body Movement and Facial Expressions
Emblems: translate directly into words
Illustrators: accent, reinforce or emphasize verbal messages
Regulators: control, monitor or maintain interaction between communicators
Affect displays: body movements that express emotions
Adaptors: body movements that help one feel at ease
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18. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Body Movement
Body Orientation
The degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head
Posture
By paying attention to the postures around your own, you’ll find another channel of communication

19. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Paralanguage/Vocalics
Paralanguage or vocalics is the way we vocalize or say the words we speak.
Paralanguage includes pitch, vocal force, rate, quality, and pauses or silence.
Silence
Vocal pauses are hesitations, usually short in duration.
Silence is an extended period of time without sound.

20. Touch/Haptics One of the most basic forms of communication.
Categories of touch:
Functional-professional
Social-polite
Friendship-warmth
Love-intimacy
Sexual arousal
Chapter 5, page 108
Medioimages/Photodisc/Getty Images
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Physical Characteristics
Body type
Attractiveness
Height/weight
Skin tone

22. Artifacts Artifacts Personal adornments Possessions
Photo courtesy of Marilyn Shaw
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Appearance
Physical Attractiveness
Men and women whom others perceive as attractive are rated as:
Being more sensitive
Kind
Strong
Sociable
Interesting
Occasionally has a negative effect

24. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Appearance
Physical Attractiveness
Influence begins early in life
Something we can control

25. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Appearance
Clothing
One writer suggests that clothing can convey at least ten types of messages to others:
Economic background
Level of success
Economic level
Moral character
Educational level
Social background
Educational background
Social position
Level of sophistication
Trustworthiness

26. Who would you advance?

27. Friends and Nonverbal

28. Our body and its features
Body Shape
Endomorph
Soft, Round, Fat
Overweight compared to their height
Judged as lazy, old-fashioned, friendly, warm, agreeable

29. Our body and its features
Body Shape
Mesomorph
Bony, Muscular, Athletic
Balanced in terms of height and weight
Perceived as strong, adventurous, assertive, self-reliant, confident, competitive, hot-tempered, argumentative

30. Our body and its features
Body Shape
Ectomorph
Tall, Thin, Fragile
Underweight compared to their height
Sensitive, Cautious, Shy, Nervous, Serious, Quiet, Introspective

31. Our body and its features
Body smell
Americans do not seem to rely consciously on their sense of smell for much interpersonal information unless perspiration, odor, breath, or some other smell is unusually strong or inappropriate for the situation
American’s cover up their aroma

32. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Voice
Paralanguage
Describes nonverbal, vocal messages
Unintentional pause
Vocalized pause
Can affect behavior in many ways
Sarcasm
Some vocal factors perceived more positively than others

33. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Physical Space
Proxemics - Distance
The study of the way people and animals use space.
We each carry an invisible bubble of personal space wherever we go
We feel uncomfortable when this bubble is violated
Different cultures develop different bubbles

34. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Physical Environment
Physical settings affect our communication
Can shape the kind of interaction that takes place in it

35. 35

36. Deception Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deception Clues
Leakage
Inadvertent signals of deception
Facial expressions
Pupil dilation
Speech patterns

37. Deception Nonverbal Communicators Offer Deceptions Clues
Three findings:
We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time
We overestimate our ability to detect others’ lies
We have a strong tendency to judge others’ messages as truthful

38. Deceit in Popular Culture

39. Influences on Nonverbal Communication
Culture
Cultures have different nonverbal languages
Some nonverbal behaviors have different meanings from culture to culture
Subtle differences can damage relationships
Distance and eye contact varies around the world

40. Influences on Nonverbal Communication
Culture
Differences in cultural rules can lead to misunderstandings
Nonverbal convergence shows that skilled communicators can adapt their behavior
Some nonverbal behaviors have same meaning around the world
(culture and space)

41. Time - Chronemics
Study of how people perceive, structure, and use time as communication
Time expectations
Time approaches
Looking to the future
Living in the present
Longing for the past

42. Influences on Nonverbal Communication
Culture
The use of time depends greatly on culture
Monochronic
Emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time
Polychronic
Flexible schedule in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time

43. Influences on Nonverbal Communication
Gender
Some differences are physiological
Some differences are rooted in socialization
Females usually more nonverbally expressive and better at recognizing others’ nonverbal behaviors
More similar than different

44. Influences on Nonverbal communication: Space - Proxemics
Hall’s Proximity Zones
Intimate: 0-18”
Personal: 18” - 4’
Social: 4’-12’
Public: 12’ plus
Territoriality: need to identify certain space as one’s own.
(Seinfield)

45. Let’s Practice Pick a partner. Show intimate space.
Show personal space.
Show public space.
Show social space.

46. Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication
Self-monitoring is:
The willingness to change behavior to fit a situation
An awareness of how we affect others
The ability to regulate nonverbal cues
To improve interpretation of nonverbal communication:
Be observant and sensitive to the messages you receive.
Verify unclear or inconsistent nonverbal messages.

47. Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication
There are three reasons for misinterpreting nonverbal communication:
Nonverbal cues have multiple meanings.
Nonverbal cues are interdependent. We use the functional approach when we use more than one nonverbal message at a time to look for meaning.
Nonverbal cues are subtle. If you are not certain of a sender’s intention, use descriptive feedback to verify the message’s meaning.

48. Telling the Truth: It May Not be What you Say; It’s How you Behave
Assuming that deception is an all-too-common aspect of social life, what are its effects? As you might guess, they are largely negative. Often, we make assumptions about the truthfulness of people based on the inconsistencies of their nonverbal and verbal messages. A student’s eyes are wandering during a test – he claims he’s not looking at his neighbor’s test; a student smiles while looking at her laptop scree, and when asked what she is looking at, claims that she is taking notes; or a student’s head is down and he is peering at his cell phone, but, when asked about texting, he claims he was just checking the time.
What nonverbal cues can signal that a person is not being truthful?
On a scale of 1-10 (with 10 being extremely confident), how confident are you to conclude, on the basis of nonverbal cues, that a person is not being truthful. Explain your rating.
When is it appropriate to be deceptive, if ever?

49. Observation assignment
Let’s refer to the learning web
Next Time:
Nonverbal observation discussion
Bring a printout of your notes to turn in