1. Evolution of Protists

2. Between 2 and 1.8 billion years ago…
One type of prokaryotic cell grew large and evolved membranes around its organelles
Some membrane formed nuclear envelope
Result =eukaryotes
Even more remarkable…some prokaryotic organisms entered this ancestral eukaryotic cell
Symbiotic relationshipmutualism

4. The prokaryotes were special
They had the ability to use oxygen to generate energy (ATP). Over time they evolved together
Small cells became mitochondria and chloroplasts

7. Evolution of Sexual Reproduction
300 million years after single-celled eukaryotes first appeared they started evolving quickly
Sexually reproducing
Lots of genetic variation
After the evolution of sexual reproduction, adaptive radiation occurreddiverse

8. Living Protists Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Algae – photosynthetic autotrophs that look and act like plants
30 to 40% of all photosynthesis performed by these protists !
Some are very small – some are as long as 70 meters (Giant kelp)

9. Autotroph
Heterotroph

10. Algae Groups Euglenophyta Pyrrophyta Chrysophyta Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
UNICELLULAR
MULTICELLULAR

11. Heterotrophic Protists (protozoans)
All heterotrophic protists spend most of their lives as unicellular – some gather into groups
Slime molds
Heterotrophs live as predators, decomposers or parasites

12. PROTISTS

13. PROTISTS Protists are Eukaryotes!
They have a membrane bound nucleus with membrane bound organelles
This kingdom does not share any unique characteristics…
Most protists are unicellular but some are multicellular!
Many are microscopic but some can grow up to 70 meters long!

14. PROTISTS
Most protists need oxygen to survive but some are poisoned by it.
Some protists are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic
Three types of protists
Plant like
Animal like
Fungus like
Some reproduce asexually and other sexually
Some can alternate between!

15. PROTISTS CLASSIFICATION
Many protists have more in common with multicellular kingdoms such as fungi, animalia, and plant than they do with each other!
They do not develop the multicellular structures found in those kingdoms so they must be classified on their own
They are classified as what they are not
An eukaryote that is not classified as a fungus, plant or animal is classified as a protist.
Video

16. Tiny Critters, Big Impacts
Impacts, Issues Video
Tiny Critters, Big Impacts

17. Protistans are Unlike Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Have proteins associated with DNA
Different modes of movement
cilia, flagella, pseudopods, spores
May divide by
mitosis (asexual)
meiosis (sexual)
hostile environment
formation of a spore or cyst

18. Metabolically diverse
Photoautotrophic – uses the sun to make its own food
green, brown and red algae
diatoms, golden brown algae
dinoflagellates
euglenoids
Heterotrophs by ingestion or parasitic
zooflagellates
amoeboids, foraminiferans, radiolarians
ciliates
sporozoans
slime molds
Saprothrophs or parasitic
water molds

19. Plant-like Protists -- EUGLENA
Characteristics
Shape
long pouch, oval
Movement
use of flagella
flutters, pulls it along
Pellicle
outer covering
like a cell wall but not as rigid
some flexibility

20. Red eyespot
helps euglena to detect light for photosynthesis
Type of feeder
Autotrophic
makes their own food
Heterotrophic
ingests food

21. Reproduction
binary fission
Excretion of wastes
diffusion

22. Phylum Sarcodina Meaning protists with false feet Psuedopod (uses)
movement
eating (creates a vacuole around the material)
phagocytosis
brings in large food particles
cellular eating
pinocytosis
brings in small particles (fluid)
cellular drinking

24. Amoeba
Amoeboid motion

25. Family – Amebas
Shape
blob-like, no definite shape
Excretion of wastes
diffusion
Reproduction
binary fission

27. Animal-like Protists -- PARAMECIUM
Characteristics
Shape
slipper-like
Movement
cilia
contractile vacuole
acts like a pump
Cilia
has 2 functions
movement
brings food into the oral groove

28. Pellicle
outer covering
Flexible
Gullet
Stomach
Excretion of wastes
anal pore
2 kinds of nuclei
micro nuclei
back up copy of genes
macro nuclei
controls cellular activity

29. Reproduction
binary fission

30. Ciliate Conjugation
Ciliate conjugation

31. conjugation
only genetic information is being exchanged

32. Sporozoans Nonmotile, parasitic Plasmodium vivax Malaria
transmitted by female mosquitos
causes red blood cells to burst
releases toxins into the blood stream
causes fever, chills, drenching sweat
relapses include jaundice, kidney failure, convulsions and coma

33. Apicomplexan life cycle
Plasmodium Life Cycle
Apicomplexan life cycle

34. Toxoplasma
cysts may be ingested with raw or undercooked meat
exposure to cysts from cat feces
symptoms are usually mild in people with normal immune function
infection during pregnancy can kill or damage the embryo

35. Fungus-like Protists
Slime mold
These organisms lack chlorophyll and absorb food through cell walls
Include cellular slime molds, acellular slime molds, and water molds
Water Mold

36. Kingdom Fungi vs. Kingdom Protista
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin
Fungus-like protists contain centrioles while true fungi lack centrioles

37. Phylum Acrasiomycota Cellular Slime Molds
Begin life cycle as ameba-like cells
When a cell begins to run out of moisture or food, it sends out chemical signals that attract other cells of the same species
Thousands of cells will aggregate into a large slug-like mass
This mass migrates for several centimeters and then stops to form a fruiting bodyreleases spores
Ant head

38. Contain haploid spores!
FRUITING BODY
Contain haploid spores!

39. Phylum Myxomycota Acellular Slime Molds
Begin life cycles as amebalike cells that grow into large masses
The Mass is actually a single cell with thousands of nuclei
Slime Mold on the move
Slime mold time lapse

40. Acellular Slime Mold cont.
They stream across leaves and twigs eating bacteria and other organic matter
Eventually they form fruiting bodiesspores
When they make contact with soil, they germinate to produce flagellated cells
These cells fuse to produce diploid (2n) amebalike cells

41. Water Molds Phylum Oomycota They thrive on dead or decaying matter
They have cell walls made of cellulose and produce spores that swim rapidly!!
These characteristics are ones that fungi do not share makes them a protist!
Most live in water but some live on land
Land water molds include parasites of crops like grapes, avocados and potatoes

42. Water Mold

43. Potato Mold and Grape Mold