1. Exploration and Expansion
Chapter 11, Lesson 1-2
EQ: What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion?

2. Academic Vocabulary: Chapter 11, Lesson 1-2-3
Caravel
Columbian Exchange (Lesson 2)
Treaty of Tordesillas (Lesson 1)
Mercantilism
Middle Passage
Encomienda
Creoles
Mestizo

4. Technology Compass (China) Astrolabe (Arabs)
Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs)
Gunpowder (China)

5. Activity 1: Reasons for Exploration
Read pg “Motives and Means”
Complete the following
Reason #2:
Reasons for Exploration
15 minutes

6. Reasons for Expansion Trade with Asia Economic and political expansion
Marco Polo
Spices
Cut off by Arab empires
Economic and political expansion
Three G’s
Gold
Glory – Power/Empire
God - Christianity

7. Portuguese
Traveled down coast of Africa (Gold Coast) and over to India (spices)
Prince Henry the Navigator – 1419, established a school for sailors
Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India

8. Early Spanish Exploration
Columbus (1492)
Queen Isabella (Spain) to support his journey
Landed on San Salvador
Called natives “Indians”
Never realized he wasn’t in Asia
Magellan (1519)
Portuguese sailor sailing for Spain
Sailed around S. America (Straight of Magellan)
Named the Pacific Ocean
Killed in the Philippines
Circumnavigated the world

9. Magellan’s Circumnavigation

10. Dividing the New World Spain and Portugal each claimed land
Turned to Pope for help
1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits new territory
Brazil = Portuguese
Rest of South America = Spanish

11. Treaty of Tordesillas

12. Activity #2: Ch. 11, Lesson 1 Review Questions (pg. 196-97)
How were Spain and Portugal able to take the lead in discovering new lands?
What were the results of Spanish and Portuguese conquest in America?
Graphic Organizer pg. 192
Summarizing: Use your graphic organizer on European Exploration to write a paragraph summarizing the major explorers and the regions each nation explored?

13. Effects of Exploration and Expansion
Chapter 11: Lesson 2

14. Columbian Exchange
Trade network, resulting in the exchange of plants, animals and people between Europe and the Americas.
Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans
Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease (small pox)

15. Activity: Columbian Exchange :
Read the Columbian Exchange (pg. 199)
Answer the Guided Question: How did the Columbian Exchange affect the Americas and Europe?

16. New European Economic Systems
With exploration and conquest, Europeans followed two economic systems to strengthen their countries:
(1)Mercantilism – mother country benefits from having colonies by exporting more than they import; the goal is to gain large amounts of gold/wealth

17. Activity #3: The African Slave Trade
Geography Focus and Critical Thinking Questions

18. (2)Triangular Trade – Europe, Africa, Americas trade key product: African slaves
First Leg—carried American raw products to Europe (e.g., cotton)
Second leg of triangle— ships carrying European manufactured goods (e.g., cloth,) to Africa to be exchanged for slaves weapons
Third leg (Middle Passage)— brought Africans to Americas to be sold.

19. Slave Trade Slavery not new to Africa
Africans are sent to Middle East for domestic work
Sugarcane (Portuguese)
Changed slavery for Europeans
Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil
Grew fast
16th century – about 275,000
17th century – over 1 million
18th century – over 6 million
African slave traders controlled slave trade
Middle Passage: route from Africa to the Americas
Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased

20. Middle Passage

21. Activity #4: Middle Passage Documents
Work in pairs to analyze the documents.
Read the quotes 1 and 4(one reads aloud the other writes down)
Is this a primary or secondary source?
What is taking place from the point of view of the author?
Focus on what is happening: How would you feel about what is going on? Are there any biases?

22. Results of European Expansion
In Europe
Economically successful
Created rivalries as countries fought over colonies
In Asia
Increased trade with Europe
Beginning of “Western dominance”
In Africa
Dramatic increase of slave trade
European influence in the African coastal areas
In the Americas
Destroyed native population
Began European dominance (Spanish)

23. Colonial Latin America
Ch. 11, Lesson 3

24. Discussion : In what ways were the social classes in Latin America similar to those in Europe?

25. Sociedad de Castas
Classes resulted more from racial distinctions mixing between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples.
Offspring of mixed unions were seen as socially different from their parents, causing new social classes to arise.
 Mestizo "mixed" = European + indigenous parentage.
Spanish socio-racial class system was known as a sociedad de castas ("society of castes").
In all cases, Europeans were economically dominant and able to exploit those of mixed race.

26. Mestizo and Castizo

27. Mulato and Morisco

28. Chino and Salta Atras

29. Encomienda vs. Mita
• Encomienda: Amerindians had to work for and pay tribute to Spanish landowners.
Landowners protect the workers and instruct them in the Catholic faith (not always done)
• Mita: Spanish authorities could draft Native Americans to work in mines in Peru