1. NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America?
Mexico
Spanish South America

2. Latin American Class System
The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal
Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America, rights depended where you were in this system
Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs
Peninsulares (1/%)
Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs
Creoles (22%)
Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs/army
Mestizos (15%)
Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs
Mulattos (7%)
Slaves (5%)
African, labor jobs
Indigenous People, few jobs available
Indians (50%)

3. SAINT DOMINGUE (Haiti)
1791: First Latin American revolution happens in the Caribbean
100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against “owners” in the F. Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti)
Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
French send troops to retake the island
Toussaint agrees to stop the rev. if Fr. ends slavery on (Haiti)
After slavery is restored, the French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps
More slaves join the fight
1804: French army defeated & nation of Haiti created – Napoleon leaves the Americas

4. Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing grip on Lat. Am colonies
SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA
Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing grip on Lat. Am colonies
1811: Influenced by Am.& Fr Rev a Creole General Simón Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela
Bolívar has little success until 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain
Simon Bolívar
1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru

5. 1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile
SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA
1816: Creole General José de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio De La Plata (Argentina/Paraguay)
1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile
In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies
Jose de San Martín
1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile

6. 1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru
12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle Peru and Boliva
Cap-Gen of Chile

7. NEW SPAIN (Mexico/Central America)
1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain
Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join
1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army
Miguel Hidalgo
Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities
Padre José Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

8. 1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges
Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians, declare Mexican Independence
1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America
Agustin Iturbide
Dom Pedro I