1. The Role of Scientific Studies in Addressing the Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam
Dr. Charles R. Bailey & Dr. Le Ke Son
Dioxin 2017, Vancouver, Canada
August 22, 2017

2. Since 2007 the U.S. and Vietnam have made remarkable progress in jointly addressing the legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam
Remediation of dioxin-contaminated soils and pond sediments
Assistance to Vietnamese with disabilities regardless of cause

3. Millions (USD)
Non-U.S. Government sources include Foundations (Ford Foundation, Atlantic Philanthropies, Gates Foundation, Nathan Cummings Foundation, Chino Cienega Foundation, and other US Foundations,), Civic Groups, Businesses & Individuals, the UN, UNDP-GEF, US Fund for UNICEF, and the Governments of Canada, Czech Republic, Ireland, Netherlands, and Greece.
Funds from Other Sources (Foundations, NGOs, UN, other countries)
Total: $31.1M
US Government Funds
Total: $201.2M
Dioxin Clean Up and Health/Disabilities Services in Vietnam, with Funding from the U.S. Government and Other Sources

4. This progress is based on 3 studies:
Beginning in the late 1990s the Vietnamese Ministry of Health and Hatfield Consultants developed the dioxin hotspot hypothesis, which focused on former U.S. military bases.
In the early 2000s Jeanne Stellman & colleagues quantified which herbicides had been sprayed where, when, and how much.
In 2009, a third study, reported here utilized data from Da Nang to characterize people with disabilities associated with dioxin exposure.

5. Summary Dioxin Data for 7 Key Hot Spots
Range of TEQ values and Maximum TCDD levels in soils/sediment downstream of bases:
TEQ TCDD
Da Nang* <1 – 269 pg/g pg/g
Pleiku <1 – 64.2 pg/g pg/g
Phu Cat <1 – 201 pg/g pg/g
Nha Trang – 133 pg/g pg/g
Bien Hoa* – 833 pg/g pg/g
Can Tho – 70.4 pg/g pg/g
Tan Son Nhut – 341 pg/g 157 pg/g
All bases had elevated TEQ, relative to many international jurisdictions for residential and agricultural soils. TCDD elevated above US background (< 10 pg/g TCDD).
* Other research suggests levels of >10,000 ppt on Da Nang base (Committee 33, 2006) and >1 million ppt on Bien Hoa base (Schecter et al. 2001).

6. Da Nang: IPTD Structure in 2014

7. Deployment of Agent Orange in Vietnam
Total Area sprayed: 10,160 square miles (2,631,297 hectares)
Deployment of Agent Orange in Vietnam
Area sprayed with
dioxin-contaminated herbicides: 6,486 square miles (1,679,734 hectares)
Total volume of herbicides: million gallons (73,780,253 liters)
Volume of
dioxin-contaminated herbicides: million gallons (47,621,022 liters) 366 kilograms (807 pounds) of dioxin released into the environment

8. Southern Vietnam- Map of Spraying Intensity

10. Chart 1. Agent Orange Victims by Age Group

13. Impact of the 3 studies on U. S. Policy U. S
Impact of the 3 studies on U.S. Policy U.S. Congress Appropriations Act, 2017
“[T]he funds appropriated by this Act... shall be made available for activities related to the remediation of dioxin contaminated sites in Vietnam and...
“for health and disability programs in areas sprayed with Agent Orange and otherwise contaminated with dioxin,
“to assist individuals with severe upper or lower body mobility impairment and/or cognitive or developmental disabilities.”

14. Health & Disability Services
U.S. Congress – Appropriations for Agent Orange / Dioxin in Vietnam
Year
Health & Disability Services
($ millions)
Dioxin Remediation
Total ($ millions)
2007 *
$3.0
2008
$0.0
2009
2010
$15.0
2011
$15.5
$18.5
2012
$5.0
$20.0
2013
$4.8
$14.5
$19.3
2014
$7.0
$22.0
$29.0
2015
$7.5
$22.5
2016
$30.0
$37.0
2017
$10.0
State Department Allocations
$3.9
Total
$201.2
* The total appropriation was divided between health & disabilities services and dioxin remediation from 2011 onward.

15. Senator Patrick Leahy & Dr
Senator Patrick Leahy & Dr. Le Ke Son toast the beginning of IPTD dioxin remediation at Da Nang- April 2014

16. FROM ENEMIES TO PARTNERS Vietnam, the U.S. and Agent Orange
Le Ke Son and Charles R. Bailey
Forthcoming, October 2017

17. Table of Contents
About the Authors
Introduction: The Aftermath of War
Essay: How We Got Here and What’s Next
Chapter 1. Is there still dioxin pollution in southern Vietnam?
Chapter 2. Who has been exposed to Agent Orange/dioxin and how many victims of Agent Orange are there in Vietnam?
Chapter 3. Does dioxin exposure lead to birth defects and reproductive failure?
Chapter 4. Has the forest ecology recovered from the spraying of Agent Orange?
Chapter 5. What do Americans know about Agent Orange?
Chapter 6. What is Vietnam doing for the victims of Agent Orange?
Chapter 7. What has the United States done so far?
Chapter 8. What do Agent Orange victims need?
Chapter 9. Can the Agent Orange issue be resolved through the courts in the United States or elsewhere?
Chapter 10. How has the bilateral relation on Agent Orange changed over time and what is the situation today?

18. Cumulative Percentage
Stellman:  Liters and percent distribution of herbicides sprayed in the Republic of South Vietnam, , by agent1 and year of spraying.2
Year
Purple
Pink
Orange
White
Blue
Unstated
Total
Cumulative Percentage
1962
142,085
10,031
152,117
0.2%
1963
340,433
0.7%
1964
831,162
15,619
846,781
1.8%
1965
579,092
50,312
1,868,194
18,927
2,516,525
5.2%
1966
7,602,390
2,179,450
59,809
126,474
9,968,124
18.7%
1967
12,528,833
5,141,117
1,518,029
86,288
19,274,267
44.9%
1968
8,747,064
8,353,143
1,289,144
249,750
18,639,101
70.1%
1969
12,679,579
3,987,100
1,035,385
274,291
17,976,356
94.5%
1970
2,251,876
845,464
762,665
96,509
3,956,514
99.9%
1971
50,251
50,698
9,085
110,034
100.0%
TOTALS
1,892,773
45,677,937
20,556,525
4,741,381
861,325
73,780,253
Percent
2.6%
0.1%
61.9%
27.9%
6.4%
1.2%
1: Data do not include 947 l Dinoxol and 548 l Trinoxol sprayed during tests in   2. Data are taken from corrected HERBS file. 

19. Total Area Sprayed (sq. kms.) TCCD Deposited on Province (kgs.)
Areas Targeted for Spraying By Province
Province
Total Area Sprayed (sq. kms.)
TCCD Deposited on Province (kgs.)
Gallons
Sprayed
Provincial Rank
INTENSITY
Đồng Nai
2,413
53.09
1,785,897 1
Bình Phước/Bình Dương
2,317
50.97
1,714,609 2
Thừa Thiên Huế
1,244
27.39
920,497 3
Kon Tum
1,106
24.33
818,340 4
Tây Ninh
933
20.56
690,160 5
Cà Mau/Bạc Liêu
902
19.84
667,579 6
Quảng Nam/Đà Nẵng
899
19.78
665,431 7
TP.Hồ Chí Minh
853
18.76
631,673 8
Quảng Trị
828
18.22
613,062 9
Bình Định
609
13.40
450,817 10
Đắk Lắk/Đắk Nông
604
13.29
446,642 11
Bình Thuận
556
12.23
411,127 12
Gia Lai
550
12.10
407,110 13
Lâm Đồng
424
9.33
313,773 14