1. Bell Ringer
Who is in the image? What is happening to him? What do the buildings represent? Does anything else hold symbolic significance?

2. Latin American Revolutions
What caused revolution across Latin America?

3. Discontent in Latin America
Causes of the L.A. Revolutions
Enlightenment
American/French Revolutions
Nationalism
Resentment of colonial rule (esp. creoles)
Napoleon’s invasion of Europe (distraction)

4. Discontent in Latin America
By the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America.
Most social classes were unhappy with their social/economic position.
Creoles resented their second-class status. (important b/c they had money and power
Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied status, wealth, and power.
Native Americans suffered economic misery.
Enslaved Africans longed for freedom

5. Haitian Revolution
In 1791
Toussaint L’Ouverture (a former slave) led slaves in revolt against the French
By 1798, enslaved Haitians achieve their freedom
Fought forces sent by the French, Spanish, and Britain
Bloodiest of the revolutions that took place in the Americas

6. Haitian Revolution In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti.
Napoleon’s forces were decimated by yellow fever, a disease which took a growing toll on the invaders
Napoleon’s forces agreed to a truce, or temporary peace.
In 1804, Haitian leaders declared independence.
First and only slave revolt that results in the creation of an independent nation.

7. Struggle for Independence
Mexico
Father Miguel Hidalgo led unsuccessful revolt.
Led ragged armies of poor mestizos and Native Americans.
Not supported by creoles
Called for wide ranging social and political reform

8. Struggle for Independence
Rebels led by Agustín de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy - had the support of the creoles.
Iturbide, a creole, spent years fighting Mexican revolutionaries but joined forces with them when a new regime took power in Spain.
Declared himself emperor but was quickly overthrown -> established the Republic of Mexico

9. Struggle for Independence
Central America
Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820s.
Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America.
The union soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.
Central America
Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820s.
Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America.
The union soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

10. Struggle for Independence
South America
Simon Bolívar, “The Liberator,” led an uprising (w/ creoles) that established a republic in Venezuela. He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
In 1816, José de San Martín helped Argentina win freedom from Spain. He then joined forces with Bolívar.
Bolívar tried to unite the liberated lands into a single nation called Gran Columbia - unsuccessful
However, bitter rivalries made that dream impossible. Before long, Gran Columbia split into three independent countries: Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador.

12. Effects of Revolution End of colonial rule
Many separate nations rather than unified region
Continued attempts w/ varied success to create stable political and economic systems

13. Essential Question
What caused the revolutions in Latin America?

14. Review
This social group led the way in the majority of Latin American revolutions.

15. Review
Former slave who led an independence movement in Haiti.

16. Review
Simon Bolívar, aka ________________, led an independence movement in South America.

17. Review
What political factor in Europe made it difficult for Spain to control its empire in the Americas?