1. Militaristic Roman Empire

2. War with Carthage
Rome and Carthage begin Punic Wars three wars between BCE
Rome defeats Carthage, wins Sicily, in first 23-year war
Hannibal – Carthaginian general – avenges defeat in second Punic War.
Attacks Italy through Spain and France, doesn’t take Rome.

3. Rome Triumphs Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal in 202 BCE
Rome destroys Carthage, enslaves people in last war (149 – 146 BCE)

4. Economic Turmoil
Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows
Farmers, former soldiers, lose to large estates; become homeless
Two tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, try to help poor, are murdered
Civil War – conflict between groups within same country

5. Military Organization
Centuries — 100 armed men
Headed by Centurian (from the ranks)
Maniples—3 Centuries
Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx)
Independent decisions (tribunes)
Legions—groups of Maniples
6000 men
Supported by light cavalry
Discipline
Death for individual insubordination
Decimation for cowardice

6. Collapse of the Republic
Gracchus brothers
Violence used to impose one's will
Marius
Re-election to consulate (many times)
Standing army
Sulla
Assumption of dictator powers
Use of the army to override councils
Proscription list

7. Julius Caesar Triumvirate Praised for his work in Spain
Appointed governor in Gaul (conquest)
Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form the triumvirate (not initially, but later elected)
Rivalry with Pompey after death of Crassus
Crossing the Rubicon
Uprising in Asia
Veni, vidi, vici—I came, I saw, I conquered
Conquest of Egypt
Cleopatra

8. Julius Caesar Returned to Rome as a conquering hero
Procession for each territory on a different day (Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia) and games for many additional days
Offered crown (as emperor) twice and refused it when people didn't respond favorably
Dictator (rule by one man)
Appointed for 10 years and then for life
Caesar’s plans for Rome
Calendar (July)
Libraries, theaters, other public works
Gave citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul

9. Julius Caesar Murder of Caesar Killed by senatorial opponents
Instigated by his usurpation of power and their fear that he would become emperor
Died March 15, 44 BCE
Stabbed by 20 senators
Brutus—illegitimate son or best friend?
Mark Anthony and Octavian
Rallied against the conspirators

10. Beginning of the Empire
43 BCE Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus alliance ends in jealousy and violence
In 31 BCE, Mark Antony and Cleopatra’s forces are defeated at Actium
Octavian accepts title of Caesar, “exalted one,” and rules Rome

11. Pax Romana Under Augustus, Rome moves form a republic to an Empire
Power no longer resides with citizens, but a single ruler
Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana

12. Agriculture and Trade
Agriculture is the most important industry in the empire; 90% of Romans farm
Common coin/currency
Vast trading network, includes India & China
Roman roads connect the empire to Europe and Asia

13. Society and Culture Slavery is a significant part of Roman life
Worship of the emperor becomes an official religion of Rome
Rich live well; most people are poor. Receive grain from government
150 holidays and Coliseum events created to control the masses.