1. Chapter 6: Nonverbal Communication
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2. Nonverbal Communication
Definition
Message components other than words that generate meaning
60-70 percent of meaning may be nonverbal
Nonverbal communication is multidimensional
Nonverbal communication Includes physical appearance, body movement, facial expressions, touch, vocal characteristics, vocal tone, etc.
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3. Nonverbal Communication Is
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4. Match the Nonverbal Quality
Nonverbal is:
Convincing
Continuous
Less Structured
Highly Contextual
Learned Informally
Examples:
__ 1. I took off my hat because everyone else did.
__2. I knew she was very upset because she cried.
__3. How did he know I didn’t like the idea; I never said a word.
__4. I though the wink meant she agreed with me.
__5. I guess it was wrong to laugh during the film’s death scene.
Answers: E A B C D
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PowerPoint Quiz
Nonverbal communication presents us with metamessages by offering important clues about how to . . .
create positive impressions.
express emotions.
interpret verbal communication.
define relationships.
achieve all of the above.
Answer: C
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6. Three Leakage Cue Categories
Can You Detect a Lie?
Leakage Cues
Unintentional nonverbal behaviors that may reveal deceptive communication
Three Leakage Cue Categories
Displays of Nervousness
Signs of Negative Emotions
Incompetent Communication
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7. Match the Leakage Categories and Cues
__ physical rigidity, lack of spontaneity, hesitations, exaggerated movements
__ vocal tension, more blinking, fidgets, longer pauses, fewer facial changes
__ reduced eye contact, agitated vocal tone, fewer pleasant facial changes
Displays of Nervousness
Signs of Negative Emotions
Competent Communication
Answers: C, A, B
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Quotable Quote
“He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his finger tips; betrayal oozes out of him at every pore.” Sigmund Freud
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9. Nonverbal Behavior Can . . .
Repeat verbal messages
Complement verbal messages
Accent verbal messages
Regulate verbal messages
Substitute for verbal messages
Contradict verbal messages
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PowerPoint Quiz
When you wave hello or goodbye to someone, you are using nonverbal communication to . . .
repeat a verbal message.
complement a verbal message.
accent a verbal message.
regulate a verbal message.
substitute for a verbal message.
Answer: E
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11. Expectancy Violation Theory
Your expectations about nonverbal behavior affect how you interact with others and how you interpret the meaning of nonverbal messages.
Examples of Expectancy Violation
Not facing forward in a crowded elevator
_____________________________________
Examples
Speaking in a loud voice in library, at a funeral, during someone’s else’s presentation
Staring at someone in a restaurant or on a bus or train
Wearing torn jeans and a ragged t-shirt in a nice restaurant
Meeting someone for the first time and giving them a hello hug.
Touching a pregnant woman’s abdomen who is waiting in line with you to check out groceries.
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12. Types of Nonverbal Communication
Physical Appearance
Vocal Expression
Time
Body Movement
Silence
Attractiveness
Gestures
Space
Environment
Eye Behavior
Distance
Clothing & Accessories
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13. Physical Appearance
Provide examples of how physical appearance affects communication
Attractiveness: _________________________
_______________________________________
Clothing and Accessories: ______________
Hair: __________________________________
Tattoos and Body Piercings: ____________
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14. Tattoos and Body Piercings
Many people have negative perceptions of employees who display tattoos or body piercings at work.
Most employees with tattoos or body piercings conceal them on the job.
BUT percent of year olds now have tattoos—making them middle class consumer items rather than acts of rebellion.
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Types of Gestures
Which type of gesture has the following characteristics?
A. Has the same meaning as a word?
B. Used with a verbal message that would lack meaning without the word?
C. Habitual action that helps manage and express emotions?
Answers:
Emblem
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Gesture Examples
Types
Emblems
Illustrators
Adaptors
Examples
Making the okay sign
_____________________
1. Holding up two fingers and saying “She called twice”
2. _____________________
Pounding your first in anger
Emblem: V for victory sign, raising your hand in class to indicate “I want to speak.” or “I have a question”
Illustrator: Snapping your fingers while saying, “I happened just like that!”; counting out the steps in a procedure with you hand while describing it orally
Adaptor: Wringing your hands because you’re distressed; chewing your nails because you’re anxious; playing with your hair or an object to relieve stress
Adaptor:
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17. Are You a Touch Approacher or a Touch Avoider?
I don’t mind if I am hugged as a sign of friendship.
I seldom put my arms around others.
When I see people hugging, it bothers me.
I like touching other people.
Touching others is a very important part of my personality.
Statements #1, 4, and 5 reflect touch approachers’ attitudes.
Statements #2 and 3 reflect touch avoiders’ attitudes.
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Facial Expressions
We can produce more than 1,000 different facial expressions.
Facial expressions allow non-speakers to contribute to conversations.
Lack of eye contact may be seen as rudeness, nervousness, or dishonesty.
Eye contact norms are culturally determined.
Eye contact influences interaction.
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19. Online Facial Expressions
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20. Adapting Facial Expressions
Masking: Conceals true emotions with false facial expressions Example: __________
Neutralization: Shows no emotion
Example: __________
Intensification: Exaggerates facial expressions Example: __________
Deintensification: Reduces emotional facial expressions
Example: __________
Masking: Smiling when you are angry or unhappy
Neutralizing: Avoiding any display of emotion when judging a contest
Intensification: Pouting or tearing-up if you are not getting your way
Deintensification: Grinning at someone who’s won a contest without lighting up in a huge smile
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Eye Behavior
Eye contact can . . .
aid comprehension.
signify status or leadership.
express emotion.
indicate a willingness to communicate.
Fill in the Blank:
When we try to understand what someone is saying, most of us will look at a speaker more than _____ percent of the time.
Answer: 80
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Eye Behavior Quiz
True or False?
___ 1. We look at people and things we like.
___ 2. Deceptions and lies can rarely be detected by looking solely at someone’s eye behavior.
___ 3. Women often look longer at the conversational partner than will me.
All of the statements are true. See p. 120 for more true statements about eye behavior.
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Vocal Expressiveness
Volume
Pitch
Word Stress
Give three different meanings to each sentence by stressing the word in italics:
I was born in New Jersey.
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Silence
Speech is silver; silence is golden. (Swiss saying)
A loud voice shows an empty head. (Finnish proverb)
The cat that does not meow catches rats. (Japanese proverb)
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25. The Dark Side of Nonverbal Behavior
Each year, approximately 1.5 million women and 800,000 men are victims of violence from an intimate partner.
Women hit men as often as men hit women.
Each year, 15% of homicides in the workplace are committed by co-workers.
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26. Territoriality Territoriality
The sense of personal ownership that is attached to a particular space
Examples
Your usual seat in a classroom or meeting room
Marking your territory with objects (purse, book, coat, food)
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28. Improve Your Nonverbal Communication
Be Other-Oriented: Give serious attention to, concern for, and interest in other communicators.
Use Immediacy Strategies: Be open and approachable.
Use direct eye contact
Use natural body movements and vocal variety
Maintain closer physical distance
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29. Communication Assessment
Conversational Skills Rating Scale
Check the items that describe verbal communication and those that describe nonverbal communication in face-to-face conversations. Which items have more check marks?
__ verbal __ nonverbal 1. Use of eye contact
__ verbal __ nonverbal 2. Use of humor and stories
__ verbal __ nonverbal 3. Vocal variety
__ verbal __ nonverbal 4. Shaking or nervous twitches
See p. 125 for the complete Conversational Skills Rating Scale. This slide modifies the items slightly to fit the slide dimensions. Note that half of the items on the slide are forms of verbal rather than nonverbal behavior. Most of the items in the complete scale describe nonverbal behavior.
Brian Spitzberg’s Conversational Skills Rating Scale was not designed to identify the differences between verbal and nonverbal behavior in everyday conversations. Rather it was designed to measure how well someone uses a series of communication behaviors during conversations. However, the Spitzberg list also demonstrates the critical role of nonverbal communication in conversations.
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30. TEST Your Knowledge
Most people can detect deception accurately about _____ of the time.
A. 25
B. 30
C. 50
D. 75
E. 80
See p. 127 for more review questions.
Answer: C
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